《英语翻译基础》课程辅导（5）
翻译中词的选择、褒贬和引申
一、教学目标
1. Acquaint the students with a general idea about how to transfer the wording meaning properly.
二、教学重难点
重点
1. Choice of word meaning.
我的小蜜桃2. Commendatory n and derogatory n
3. Amplification of word meaning
难点
1. Commendatory n and derogatory n
2. Amplification of word meaning
三、教与学的方法
Lecture and Practice
四、教学具体内容
I. Reprentation
II. Comment on the homework
III. Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）
A. Context:
尼雅河The meaning and/or the word class of a polyme can only be decided in certain context. For example:
1. cover:
a. They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket.
b. The bandages were covered in blood.
c. We covered 400km in three hours.
d. 嗟来之食Do the parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors?
e. The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.
f. She’s covering the American election for BBC television.
雅致g. I’m going to the doctor’s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me?
h. Will £50 cover your expen?
i. Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash?
j. I think more singers have covered “Yesterday” than any other song.
k. We’ve got all the exits covered, so they’ve got no chance of escape.
Reference Version:
a. 他们把他放上担架，给他盖上毯子。
b. 绷带上浸透了血。
c. 三个小时我们赶了400公里路。
d. 这些停车限制对本地住户和外来人员同样适用吗？
e. 新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。
f. 她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。
g. 明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班吗？
h. 50英镑够你花了吗？
i. 你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗？
j. 我想和其他他歌相比，“Yesterday”被更多的歌手翻唱过。
k. 我们封锁了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。
2. back:
a. She put the saddle on the hor’s back.
b. She backed the car out of the narrow road.
c. Will you back me against the others?
d. The organization is backed by the U.N.
e. Our cat has broken one of her back legs.
f. When you have done with the magazines, remember to put them back.
Reference Version:
a. 她把马鞍放在马背上。
b. 她把车子倒出窄路。
c. 你会支持我反对其他人吗？
d. 该组织由联合国资助。
e. 我们的猫断了一条后腿。
f. 你读完杂志后记得放回原处。
B. Collocation:
Sometimes different Chine Words should be employed to transfer the same English word in order to form proper collocation.
e.g. exerci:
exerci options（行使选择权）； exerci monopoly（实施垄断）；
声明范文 exerci judgment（作出判断）； exerci democracy（实行民主）；
exerci responsibility（履行责任）； exerci influence（施加影响）
C. Word Form:
In many cas, different word forms (such as ten, plural form, etc.) lead to great difference in word meaning. For example:
1) The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.
这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色的琉璃瓦盖成的。
2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes.
在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱。
IV. Commendatory Sen or Derogatory Sen（词义的褒贬）
A. The word itlf has commendatory n or derogatory n.
For instance:
1. He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。
2. His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他作为流氓/放荡的恶名是他死后才传开来的。
3. The tasks carried out by them are praiworthy.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
4. Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。
B. The word itlf is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory n in certain context.
For example:
1. Tho who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.
提子怎么剥皮
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
2. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not derved.
他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他不该有这个坏名声。
C. The word itlf has both commendatory n AND derogatory n.
译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。
For example:
座位安排1. He is an aggressive salesman. 他是个很有进取心/干劲的销售员。
2. Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media with photos of her private life.
无孔不入的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。
3. Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he ized power.
希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略政策。
V. Amplification of Word Meaning（词义的引申）
A. 虚实引申
1. 具体化引申
英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体化引申（concretion) 。
e.g. During the meeting, the Chine Premier met respectively with his German, British and Japane counterparts.
会议期间，中国总理分别会晤了德国总理、英国首相和日本国内阁总理大臣。
2. 抽象化引申
英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词义加以抽象化引申（abstraction)，使译文流畅、自然。
e.g. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape黄道是什么意思 in his character.
他的性格既凶暴又狡猾。
B. 术语移用
e.g. Ulyss Grant once explained his military success by writing, “The fact is I think I am a verb, instead of a personal pronoun.”
尤利西斯格兰特将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：“事实上，我认为自己是个动词（独立而富于行动）；而不是个人称代词（从属而被动）。”
e.g. U.S. influence and prestige nodived in Africa
