Are Tote Bags Really Good for the Environment?火韦
NOAH DILLON,THE AT LANT IC, S EP 2, 2016
They’re green in principle, but not in the way
people u them. An object lesson.
工作安排怎么写1 For at least a few decades, Americans have been
drilled in the superiority of tote bags. Reusable bags
are good, we’re told, becau they’re friendly for the
灯台树environment. Disposable bags, on the other hand, are
dangerous. Municipalities across the country have
moved to restrict the consumption of plastic
shopping bags to avoid waste. Many business have stopped offering plastic sacks, or provide them for a modest but punitive price. Bag-recycling programs have been introduced nationwide.
2 But canvas bags might actually be wor for the environment than the plastic ones they are meant to replace. In 2008, the UK Environment Agency (UKEA) published a study of resource expenditures
for various bags: paper, plastic, canvas, and recycled-polypropylene tote bags. Surprisingly, the authors found that in typical patterns of u and disposal, consumers eking to minimize pollution and carbon emissions should u plastic grocery bags and then reu tho bags at least once—as trash-can liners or for other condary tasks. Conventional plastic bags made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE, the plastic sacks found at grocery stores) had the smallest per-u environmental impact of all tho tested. Cotton tote bags, by contrast, exhibited the highest and most vere global-warming potential by far since they require more resources to produce and distribute.
3 Such results feel deeply counterintuitive. HDPE bags em foreign, artificial. They lodge in trees, catch in the esophagi of animals, fester in landfills, clot cities, and are reduced to small particles floating in ocean gyres—for hundreds of years into the future. But even though they don’t easily degrade, they require very few resources to manufacture and transport. They produce less carbon, waste, and byproducts than cotton or paper bags. They’re recyclable. They’re cheap. For all tho reasons, they’re ubiq uitous. And they remain, long after their ufulness is exhausted.
4 The UKEA study calculated an expenditure of a little less than two kilograms of carbon per HDPE bag. For paper bags, ven us would be needed to achieve the same per-u ratio. Tote bags ma
de from recycled polypropylene plastic require 26, and cotton tote bags require 327 us. (Although they weren’t included in the study, one can presume that designer totes, made with leather adornments, metal, and so on drive the required number of us into basically astronomical numbers.)
5 As the esteem of its environmental benefit has fallen, the tote has simultaneously grown in stature and ubiquity. Many stores offer inexpensive (or even free) reusable bags at the register, stamped with logos. Designers have latched onto the form and incread its stylishness. Totes are handed out as promotional gifts by nonprofits and business, a gesture that nds contradictory messages: one of conscientious consumption, another of conspicuous consumption.
6 Just like plastic bags, totes multiply. In a 2009 article about the bags for Design Obrver, the Urban Outfitters designer Dmitri Siegel claimed to have found 23 tote bags in his hou, collected from various organizations, stores, and brands. Like plastic sacks, tote bags, too, now em esntially unending. Becau of their ubiquity, tote bags that have been ud very little (or not at all) can be found piled on curbs, tosd in trashcans in city parks, in dumpsters, everywhere. Their abundance encourages consumers to e them as disposable, defeating their very purpo.
7 This low-grade, unfocud mania for averting impending ecological disaster ems to be more harmful than helpful, which is a problem throughout popular environmentalism. Meat eaters decry the water usage demands of almond groves. Conscientiously piled garbage overflows from public trashcans to rot in the street. Studies show that Kenya-grown ros flown to England have a lower carbon footprint than tho grown and shipped from Holland, that it’s less ecologically damaging for Americans east of the Mississippi to import wine from France than from California. Biodegradable plastics proliferate as single-u containers and utensils, greenly filling the demand for disposable goods rather than questioning it. Fuel economy and emissions standards for cars and trucks are considered, barely, but not tho of oil tankers, container ships, military escapades, which can produce tens of millions of times the amount of carbon.
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8 Siegel identifies designers as particular culprits in the oversaturation of tote bags. He notes that becau the bags are large, flat, and easily printed on, they’re great for embellishment and product placement. They’re given away with purchas at galleries,
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b ookstores, eyeglass boutiques, grocers, tattoo parlors. Plus they’ve been hyped. He describes the 2007 launch of the “I’m not a plasti
c bag” tote, by fashion designer Anya Hindmarch:
9 The bag was originally sold in limited numbers at Hindmarch boutiques, Colette and Dover Street Market in London, but when it went into wide relea at Sainsbury’s 80,000 people lined up to get one. When the bag hit stores in Taiwan, there was so much demand that the riot police had to be called in to control a stampede, which nt 30 people to the hospital.英语演讲的开头
10 Whether they're delicately handled designer goods or a promotional product dirtied by daily wear, few totes are made to last long enough to obtain the number of us required to reach resource-expenditure parity with the plastic bags they were meant to supplant. Though they promi timelessness and sustainability, they develop holes, straps come undone, ams disintegrate. They become fouled with stains and grime.
11 Many fashion brands ll bags for hundreds of dollars, with totes tracking the increa in economic inequality. Writing in the Wall Street Journal, Ellen Gamerman cites the same Hindmarch bag as evidence of the problem with turning bags into display symbols:
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12 “Sarah De Belen, a 35-year-old mother of two from Hoboken, N.J., says she us about 30 or 40 plastic bags at the grocery store every week. Late last year, she saw a woman at the supermarket wi
渑池相会th a popular canvas tote by London designer Anya Hindmarch and promptly purchad one online for about $45.
13 “But Ms. De Belen says she soon realized she'd need 12 of them to accommodate an average grocery run. ‘It can hold, like, a head of lettuce,’ she says. Besides, she adds, it's too nice to load up with diapers or dripping chicken breasts.”
14 Every product is manufactured and consumed with some ideal in mind. Pictures of tote bags—such as tho from stock photo websites or advertiments—make the ideals we project on them visible. People are depicted carrying fresh fruits and vegetables in their tote bags at a sunny farmers’ market. The people are en in intimate groups. They wear casual, modest, warm-weather clothing. They don’t handle digital devices. They take their bags to the beach, the park, art openings, concerts, through cosmopolitan urban communities and idyllic rural escapes. They are fulfilled and creative. They are middle class. They inhabit the landscape of tote-bag dreams: healthy, waste-conscious and ecologically responsible, conrvatively ethnically diver, carefree but productive, connected, affluent, tolerant, adventurous, optimistic.
15 In short, they’re virtuous.
16 But the most (or least) virtuous feature of tote bags might be that people don’t actually u them. An online poll conducted in 2014 by the marketing rearch firm Edelman Berland found that about half of respondents typically choo to u plastic over reusable bags, despite also owning reusable bags and recognizing their benefits. Only 20 percent of tho polled said that they prefer using plastic bags, but almost half of all respondents said that they usually forego reusable bags even when they’re the easier, cheaper option. And the actual practice may be even lower, with u rates for tote bags estimated at about 10 percent.
花灯制作过程17 So long as their owners don’t throw them away, their negative impact remains minimized, at least—they might yet be ud 327 times. Ecologically speaking, the best practice for tote bags might be one of two extremes: u them all the time, or not at all.
