Section Ⅲ Grammar——过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
语 境 自 主 领 悟 |
先观察原句 | 后自主感悟 |
`1.Before the show，hundreds of excited visitors waited in their ats eagerly. 2．Come and read the poem written by an eightyearold boy! 3．I felt mylf often confud at first. 4．She had her painting boxed so it was delivered safely. | 1.例句1中的excited为单个的过去分词作定语，一般放在被修饰词语之前。 2．例句2中的written by an eightyearold boy为过去分词短语作定语，须放在被修饰的词语之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。 3．例句3中的过去分词confud作动词felt的宾语补足语。 4．例句4中的过去分词boxed作动词had的宾语补足语。 |
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过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
一、过去分词作定语
1．意义
及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。
(1)表示被动和完成
a polluted river一条被污染的河流
the watered flowers浇过水的花
(2)只表示完成，不表示被动
fallen leaves落叶
the rin sun升起的太阳
2．位置
单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
A watched王维古诗大全 pot never boils.
[谚语]心急锅不开。
The student dresd in white is my daughter.
＝The student who is dresd in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。
3．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语表主动或进行；而过去分词作定语时，表被动或完成。
形式 | 语态 | 时态 |
过去分词 | 被动 | 完成 |
现在分词 | 主动 | 进行 |
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萝卜牛杂
The car belonging to my uncle was stolen last week.
我叔叔的那辆车上周被盗了。
The bridge built in 2013 was designed by a local company.教育经历怎么填
2013年建造的这座大桥是由一家当地公司设计的。
4终结英文．难点突破
三种非谓语形式作定语所表示的内涵：
done | 被动的动作已经完成 |
being done | 集精系统被动的动作正在发生 |
to be done | 被动的动作将要发生 |
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The meeting held yesterday is very important.
昨天开的会很重要。
All the members of the team have attended the meeting being held.
所有的队员都出席了正在举行的会议。
It is said that there is a meeting to be held in the hall tomorrow.
小学工会工作计划
据说明天这个大厅有个会议要举行。
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①Some of the people invited (invite) to the party can't come.
②The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing (stand) in one corner.
③The trees blown (blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.
二、过去分词作宾语补足语
1．过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语的关系
过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。
He watched the TV t carried out of the room.
他看着电视机被搬出了房间。
Last year they had the hou rebuilt.
去年他们让人重建了房子。
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
①You'd better have your shoes mended(mend)．
②The father wants his daughter taught(teach) the piano.
2．几类能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)
(1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)，如e，watch，obrve，find，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等。
I heard the song sung in English.
我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。
When we got to school，we saw the door locked.
当我们到学校时，看见门锁着。
(2)表示“致、使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等。
They managed to make themlves understood by using very simple English.
他们用了很简易的英语以使别人听懂。
Don't leave tho things undone.
要把那些事情做完。
[名师点津]
“have＋宾语＋过去分词”可以表示三种含义：
①表示“让某人做某事”
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要去理发。
②表示“遭遇某种不幸；受到打击”
He had his wallet stolen.
他的钱包被偷了。
③做某事(主语可能参与其中)
I had my hou repaired last week.
名词英语上周，我修补了房子。
(3)表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词，如like，want，wish，order等。
The teacher doesn't wish such questions (to be) discusd in class.
老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。
The police，finding the film unhealthy，ordered it banned.
电子邮件地址警察发现这部电影不健康，令其禁演。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①I saw an old man knocked(knock) down by a car.
②I'd like the job done(do) when I come back from the journey.
③The speaker raid his voice but still couldn't make himlf heard(hear)．
3．“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构
在“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语，这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。
With water heated，we can e the steam.
水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。
She stood in front of him，with her eyes fixed on his face.
她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他的脸。
[即时训练4] 单句语法填空
①An old man was brought in，with his hands tied(tie) behind his back.
②With all the work done(do)，I feel very relaxed now.
4．过去分词/现在分词/不定式作宾语补足语的区别
(1)感官动词后接复合宾语的比较
感官动词(短语)(一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；四看：e，notice，obrve，watch)的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以e为例)：
e＋宾语＋
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动，完成)
I heard her singing an English song when I pasd by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。(主动，正在进行)
To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该发现机会并尽可能多地听别人说英语。(被动，无时间性)
(2)使役动词make，have，get，keep，let后加复合宾语的比较(以make，have为例)：
①make＋宾语＋
He made his workers work 12 hours a day.
他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
He tried to make himlf understood.
