新高考方案下的英语阅读理解题型特点
江苏作为高考的改革试点,不断深化,不断改革,精益求精,取得了前瞻性的进展。就英语阅读而言,历观近几年高考阅读理解题有以下几个特点及趋势。
王孝群一、趋势分析
1、较大的阅读量:阅读词汇量逐年增大,最近几年高考大纲对考生生词的掌握量逐步加大,因为较大的阅读量对考生的阅读技能与阅读速度是一种有效的检测。
2、题材与体裁的多样化:题材包括社会生活、科学技术、社会新闻、文化教育、人物传记、招聘广告、历史事件、中外交流等等。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。
3动漫污图、较为复杂的语篇结构:文章在语篇构成上都有相当的难度,作者在阐述问题和陈述情况时均使用了多种组篇手段和修辞方法。具体表现是:行文的跳跃程度较大,陈述次序富于变化,隐含信息较多,过渡用语较少等。考生读懂了文字,不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思。
4、较大的语言难度:所选文章在语言上也有较大的难度,具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性以及替代和省略手段的运用上。
5、阅读提问技巧具有较高水平:题干简洁明晰,题支表意清楚,关系合理,干扰有效,答案唯一。
二、题型特点
纵观近几年的高考阅读理解,笔者观察,其文章选材广泛,题材多样,文章内容不同,题材不同,要求题型的设计也不同,近几年的高考题型也在不断创新,不断深入、不断发展。总体来说,高考阅读理解题主要有以下特点。
1、直接信息理解题:此题型要求考生根据短文中所提供的直接信息选择正确答案,一般在通读短文后可直接找出答题依据,难度较小,属浅层理解题。常用的提问方式有以下几种:
(1) What is sb/sth best known for ?
(2) This …… is mainly about _______.
(3) It can be learned from the text that ________.
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回家的句子(4) All the following statements are true/not true except ________.
(5) Choo the right order of the events given in the passage .
(6) Which of the following is the cau of …… ?
(7) Which of the following can take the place of what you have learned from the article ?
(8) In the passage ,which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned ?
(9) Which of the following is true/fal according to the passage ?
(10) From the text,what can we learn about …… ?
2、词句理解题:此题型要求考生正确理解短文中个别关键词句的含义。其中部分试题属于用词汇替换或句型转换手段对短文原句释义,难度也较小,也属浅层理解题。一般情况下,考生认真辨析各项含义后可选出正确答案,但也有些试题要求联系全文意义来判断有关词句的含义及寓意,这种情况就属于深层理解题,做题就需反复推敲斟酌。常用提问方式有以下几种:
(1) The underlined words / phras “X” refer to ________. 早晨的图片
(2) The phra “X” means __________.
(3) When the man said …… what he meant was________.
(4) The words “X” in the …… ntence mean ________.森林起火
(5) The word “X” most likely means ________.
(6) The word “X”has the same meaning as the word “________”.
(7) Which of the followings can explain the word “X”________ .
(8) What do you think the expression “X” stands for?
(9) What do you suppo / guess the word “X” means?
(10) By saying “X”, the author means________ .
3、推理判断题。此题型要求考生纵观全文,在汇集全文提供的各项信息的基础上,进行正确的逻辑推理,推断作者的意向;人物的动机、目的、性格特征;事件的前因后果;语言中的语态、语气等。此类题属于深层理解题,要做好此类题,必须透彻理解全文,认真探究句意,注意逻辑关系及有关的生活常识。常用提问方式有以下几种:
(1) Which of the following conclusions can we draw / come to according to the passage ?
(2) We can conclude from the passage that ________.
(3) According to the passage ,we can infer that ________.
(4) It can be inferred that ________.
(5) The writer suggests that ________.
(6) The passage implies , but doesn’t directly state that ________.
(7) The author of the article is probably a ________.
(8) The tone of the passage is ________.
(9) We can infer from the article that ________.
(10) What is the writer小儿体重计算公式’s attitude toward …… ?
4、归纳概括题:此题型要求考生在理解全文后归纳短文大意,概括中心思想或选择短文的标题。这些大都暗含在文章中。要充分注意文章的首尾句、段。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题,尤其是新闻报道这类的,第一段常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph),这一段往往表达文章的中心思想。在文章的段落中则往往由开头的一句作主题句,来概括该段的中心思想。但不少文章或段落中,中心思想贯穿在全文中。必须具备一定的归纳和概括能力,才能选对答案。因此,此类题有些属于浅层理解上的档次。命题方式常为:
(1) The main idea of this passage is ________.
(2) The passage is mainly about ________.
(3) The point of this story is ________.
(4) The passage proves that ________.
(5) Choo the best title for the passage________.
(6) Which title best gives the idea of the passage ?
(7) Which title fits the text best ?
(8) The best headline of the story is ________.
(9) The best topic for the above passage will be ________.
5、图示理解题。有时可能根据文章提供一幅或几幅图(地图、示意图或其他图形),让考生对某种图形进行选择或判断。命题方式常为:
(1) Which of the following diagrams gives the correct relationship between X ,X and X ?
(2) Which of the following maps gives the right position of X ?
(3) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what X is like ?
(4) Which of the diagrams shows the right relation of the X mentioned in the passage ?
6、计算理解题。有时,需要进行一定的推算或运算才能作出正确的答案。这不仅需要对细节了解清楚,而且需要了解各细节之间的关系,既部分与整体之间的联系。计算理解多用带有how的词组。如:
How many ;How long ; How far ……?三亚凤凰岛
总之,随着江苏高考改革的不断创新,不断深入,不断发展,我们必须要把握住高考阅读理解的命题趋势与题型特点,增加自己的词汇量,进行大量的阅读,熟悉各种各样的题材与体裁,分析复杂的语篇结构,把握住文章的语言难度,掌握阅读提问技巧等。只有这样,我们才能在未来的高考中游刃有余,发挥出自己的最佳水平。