英汉翻译技巧
第一部分 英译汉
Chapter One The General Introduction of Translation
The various definitions of translation
1) Alexander Frar Tytler (1747-1814)
I would therefore describe a good translation to be: That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfud into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by tho who speak the language of the original work.
好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
The three general rules for translation:
First General Rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
译文完全复写出原作的思想。
Second General Rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with that of the original.
风水学习
译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
Third General Rule: A translation should have all the ea of original composition.
译文应和原作同样流畅自然。
2) 巴尔胡达洛夫
3) Eugene A. Nida: a world well-known American translator and translation theorist
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the clost natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and condly in terms of style.
翻译就是在译入语中再现与源语的讯息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。
4) Peter Newmark: a world well-known translation theorist in Great Britain
What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text.
什么是翻译？通常（虽然不能说总是如此）翻译就是把一个文本的意义按照原作者所意想
的方式移入另一种语言。
I. The brief introduction of Chine Translation theories
1) 道安 （312-385）：东汉佛经翻译的代表人物，中国翻译理论的奠基人。
“五失本，三不易”理论：
“译梵为秦，有五失本也。一者，梵语尽倒而使从秦，一失本也。二、梵经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不可，斯二失本也。三者，梵语委悉，至于咏叹，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。四者，梵有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千、五百，划而不存，四失本也。五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。
2）玄奘 （600-664）懊恼近义词 唐代佛经翻译的主要代表人物。
“五不翻”理论：一、秘密故，二、含多义故，三、此无故，四、顺古故，五：生善故。
3）严复 （黄色玫瑰花语1853-1921）我国翻译史上第一个明确提出翻译标准的人。他在《天演论译例
言》中说：“译事三难，信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”
4）林语堂5）鲁迅6考察学习的函）傅雷7）钱钟书8）刘重德
Chapter 2 The basic requirements of translation
Unit 1 Principles and Requirements
I. The faithfulness
In translating, a translator should try to be faithful to the original meaning, ideas and style.
II. The Expressiveness
In E-C translation, the translated works should be easily accepted and natural to the Chine receptors. That is to say, the translated words, phras or ntences should look like be writ
ten by Chine, not by foreign writers.
Examples:
1. The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of 6-1, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60,000 men in one day.
耻辱怎么读这支步兵尽管在数量上享有6比1的优势，但是由于个人负重量很大，根本无法按时行动，因而在一天之内就损失了6万人。
2. But from that point on we encountered the obstacle on which all discussions split and practically exploded in our faces.
但是从这里再前进一步，我们就遇到了一个问题，每次讨论都使大家发生分歧，而且几乎当面吵了起来。
Unit 2 The various Stages of Translation
Stage one: understanding the original
1. Make clear the word meanings
Examples:
sophisticated man心大集团：老于世故的人
sophisticated woman：狡诈的女子
sophisticated columnist：老练的专栏作家
sophisticated electronic device：高度精密的电子装置
sophisticated weapon：尖端武器
2. The analysis of ntence structures
Examples:
1) I don’t like it when she tells me how to do things
2) From what you say, she sounds like the right person for the job.
3) He went up to her all innocent, like, as if he’d done no thing.
4) Running, swimming and like sports are all her hobbies.
5) Do you make bread like you make cakes?
6) Will we ever e the like of Mozart again?
7) I won’t go into details, but the long and the short of it was that we misd the train.
微字成语8) I’m longing to e her again.
3. Make clear the logical relationship
Examples:
1) Plea tell me if you can help us.
2) I am sure I’ll beat John this time.
3) We have no spring here.
Stage Two: Express the original in Chine idiomatically and smoothly
Principles: In translating, the translator should bear in his mind that the translated work is for Chine, not for English-speaking readers, so that he has to render as naturally as possible to Chine readers.
Examples:
1) It was a girl with good manners.
这是一位举止得体的姑娘。
学炒菜2) The were all labeled as good eggs.
这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。
3) Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends.
