历届全国英语高考试题中的失误
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needn't have done /couldn't have done
【问】1987年高考英语试题第三大题第6小题:
There was plenty of time.She ______.
A.mustn't have hurried B.couldn't have hurried天津青年职业学院
C.must not hurry D.needn't have hurried
规定的答案为D。但我认为选B也是对的。您的意见如何?
头发毛囊
【答】同意你的意见。就上面孤立的句子而言,选B同样也是正确的。couldn't have done常常用来表示从现在或过去看来过去不可能发生某事。上道题中的She couldn't have hurried.意为:“她不可能很慌忙的”。请对比下列例句:黄石国家公园
1.“You realize that you were driving at 100mph, don't you?”“No,officer,I______ .This car can't do more than 80.”
A.needn't have been B.may not have been
C.didn't need to be D.couldn't have been
2....her father could not have made such a mistake.(NCE)……她父亲不可能犯这样的错误。
3.They couldn't have left so soon.他们不可能那么快就走了。
请做下面的英语试题:
1.Mary ______my letter,otherwi she would have replied before now.
A.has received B.ought to have received
C.couldn't have received
D.shouldn't have received
2.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-It______ a comfortable journey.
A.can't be B.shouldn't be
C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been(全国高考,95-15)
could have done
【问】-I stayed at a hotelwhile in New York.
-Oh,did you?You ______with Barbara.
A.could have stayed B.could stay
C.would stay D.must have stayed(全国高考,98-11)
答案为A。但是,You could have stayed with Barbara笔鞘裁匆馑寄兀
【答】could have done可以表示两种不同的意思:A.某事在过去有可能发生,但说话人确切知道该事并未发生;B.说话人推测某事在过去有可能发生,至于该事是否真的发生,说话人并不确切知道---说话人仅是对过去事件进行一种推测,一种估计。请对比下列实例:
1.I could have lent you the money.Why didn't you ask me?我本来可以把钱借给你的。你为什么没有向我借呢?(说话人确切知道you并没有向I借钱)
2.The letter could have got lost in the post.这封信可能是在邮递中丢失了。(说话人并不确切知道那封信是否在邮递中丢失)
由于这个结构能表示两种不同的含义,所以有些句子,脱离上下文,可能会产生歧义:
He could have nt a message.
a)他可能送了个信儿来。(说话人并不知道他事实上是否送来了信儿)
b)他本可以送个信儿来的。(说话人确切知道他并没有送信儿来)
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同样,上面的试题可能含有两种不同的含义:
a)……你本来可以同巴巴拉住在一起的。(暗含的意思是:你本不必住旅馆的)
b)……你可能同巴巴拉住在一起了。(说话人的一种推测)
couldn't have done /mustn't have done
【问】(1)-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-It ______a comfortable journey.
A.can't be B.shouldn't be C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been(全国高考, 95-15)
答案为D。能否选C呢?
【答】我国出版的许多英语语法书和英语试题都特别强调:must用于表示“推测”(一定、
必定)时,其否定形式只能是can't,而绝不是must not(mustn't)。例如,She must be asleep.=She can't be awake.(《实用英语语法》),情况是否真的如此呢?让我们先看两个反例:
1.I can hear the Browns'phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they mustn't be at home.(Eckersley)我能听到布朗家的电话铃在响,但是没有人接电话;他们一定不在家。
2.His abnce must not have been noticed.(CGEL)他的缺席一定没有人注意到。
再来看看R.Quirk等人在CGEL中的论述:
助动词must在作“逻辑上的必然”解时,其助动词否定是通常通过 can't来实现的。
“但是,在美国英语中有时也会见到must not,mustn't这种否定形式,在英国英语中也有人这么用,只是用得比较少而已,这种用法(代替can't)看来越来越受到人们的喜爱。”
在上面的试题里,It couldn't have been a comfortable journey.意为“那不可能是一次愉快的旅行”。选C时,其意思是相同的:“那一定不是一次愉快的旅行。”
do good /feel good
【问】I love to go to the aside in summer.It ______good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool a.
A.does B.feels C.gets D.makes(全国高考,96-24)
答案为B。能否选A呢?
【答】首先应当肯定,选项B是正确的。但是,出题者犯了顾此失彼的毛病;选项A也是同样正确的。在do good(有好处,有用处)这个习语中, good是名词:
刘子仟
1.Does it do any good talking about it?谈论这事儿有用吗?(talking...为真实主语)
2.It will do you good to have some outdoor exerci.(全国高考 82-19)做些户外运动对你是有好处的。(to have...为真实主语)
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不难看出,例2与上面试题的结构是相似的。
【句意】(a)……躺在阳光下或者在凉爽的海水里游泳,那感觉是很美好的。(选feels)
(b)……躺在阳光下或者在凉爽的海水里游泳,是有好处的。(选 does)
请做下面的英语试题:
The medicine will ______you good.
A.do B.save C.give D.help
hope to do /hope sb.to do
【问】My father ____me to become a doctor.
A.thinks B.says C.hopes(全国高考,78-26)
标准答案为C(hopes)。但我对这个答案的正确性持怀疑态度。
【答】这道试题本身是错误的,因为英语里并无hope sb.to do sth.的用法。因此,给出
的标准答案C(hopes)是错误的。究其原因,是测试者把hope与wish的用法弄混了。hope与wish的区别主要表现在以下几个方面:
A.hope与wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope /wish to do sth.),但wish to do sth.比较正式,口气也比较强烈,而hope to do sth.所表达的愿望是最容易实现的,也就是说,是最现实的。
1.Jennie hoped to give her a good education.珍妮希望给她良好的教育。
2.You might tell them that I hope to be back tomor- row night.你可以告诉他们,我想明晚返回。
3.I wish to express my warmest welcome to you.我愿向您表示最热烈的欢迎。
4.I don't wish to leave my mother.我不希望离开母亲。
B.wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb.to do sth.),而hope却没有这种用法(×hope sb.to do sth)。
1.Why don't you wish your son to accept this post?为什么你不希望你儿子接受这个职位?
2.You know I wish you to be happy,don't you?(Snow)你知道我希望你幸福,你知道吗?
C.hope与wish都可以跟从句,但意义和用法全然不同:从用法上讲, hope之后的宾语从句的谓语动词使用陈述语气的一般将来时或一般现在时。从意义上说,hope所表达的希望是能够实现的。而wish之后的宾语从句的谓语动词则只能使用虚拟语气,而所表达的愿望是无法实现的(宾语从句使用动词过去时或过去完成时)或难以实现的(宾语从句使用 would do或could do时)。