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The History of Waterpower
企业发展规划 Moving water was one of the earliest energysources to be harnesd to reduce the workload ofpeople and animals.No one knows exactly when thewaterwheel was invented,but irrigation systemxisted at least 5,000 years ago,and it ems probable that the earliest waterpower device wasthe noria,a waterwheel that raid water for irrigation in attached jars.The device appears tohave evolved no later than the fifth century B.C.,perhaps independently in different regions ofthe Middle and Far East.
流水是人类最早利用的能量来源，以减少人和牲畜的工作负担。无法知晓水轮是什么时候发明的，但灌溉系统至少在五千年前就已存在。最早的水力设施很可能是戽水车，一种通过附带的瓦罐将水举起以便灌溉的水轮。这种设备在公元前十五世纪就可能独立的出现在中东和远东的一些地区了。
The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn,knownas Nor or Greek mills,which em to have appeared during the first or cond century B.C.inthe Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia.In the following centuries,increasinglysophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond itsboundaries in the Middle East and norther
n Europe.In England,the Saxons are thought to haveud both horizontal and vertical-axis wheels.The first documented English mill was in theeighth century,but three centuries later about 5,000 were recorded,suggesting that everyttlement of any size had its mill.喷托维林片
西安到武汉多少公里>日记大全 最早用于研磨谷物的水力磨可能都是垂直轴的，比如可能在公元前一到二世纪出现在中东的希腊磨以及几个世纪之后出现在斯堪的纳维亚的斯堪的纳维亚磨。后来的几个世纪里，更加先进的水磨在整个罗马帝国及其边界以外的中东和北欧各地兴建起来。在英国，撒克逊人可能既有水平轴的也有垂直轴的水磨。有记录的最早的英国磨出现在八世纪，但三百年后大约有5000口水磨记录再案，也就是说几乎每一处居民聚集地，无论规模大小如何都有自己的水磨。
Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only us of the waterpower mill,and during the following centuries,the applications of waterpower kept pace with thedeveloping technologies of mining,iron working,paper making,and the wool and cottonindustries.Water was the main source of mechanical power,and by the end of theventeenth century,England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill.Therewas much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels.The period fromabout 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of differentdesigns.They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horpower to perhaps 60 for thelargest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency,the water should pass a
cross theblades as smoothly as possible
and fall away with minimum speed,having given up almost allof its kinetic energy.(They also proved that,in principle,the overshot wheel,a type ofwheel in which an overhead streamof water powers the wheel,should win the efficiencycompetition.)
举升水和研磨谷物绝不是水力磨的唯一用途，在后来几个世纪中，对水力的利用与采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业的技术进步同步。水力是机械能的主要来源，在十七世纪末，光英国就有约两万座水磨。不类型水轮的效率的高低向来争议很多。从1650到1800年间，人们设计了一些在科学和技术上都很先进的水轮。它们的输出功率从1马力到最大的60马力，并且人们确信要想产生最高效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑的流过，并以最小的速度落下，以便输出其几乎所有动能。(已经证明从原则上，上射水轮，一种利用从顶部倾泻的水流驱动叶轮的水轮，的效率最高。)
But then steam power entered the scene,putting the whole future of waterpower indoubt.An energy analyst writing in the year 1800 would have painted a very pessimisticpicture of the future for waterpower.The coal-fired steam engine was taking over,and thewaterwheel was fast becoming obsolete.However,like many later experts,this one would havesuffered from an inability to e into the future.A century later the picture was completelydifferent:by then,the world had an electric industry,and a quarter of its generating capacitywas water powered.
但当蒸汽动力进入历史舞台，水力的前途就备受怀疑了。一位能源分析者在1800年写的一篇论文给水力的前途铺上了一层悲观的色调。燃煤蒸汽动力正在普及，而水轮则被迅速遗弃。然而，正如后来很多专家所言，这位分析者对未来过于短视。一个世纪之后，情况完全不同：那时世界已经有了电力工业，而四分之一的发电能力都来自水力。
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable ries ofscientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century,butsignificant changes in what we might now call hydro(water)technology also played their part.In 1832,the year of Michael Faraday’s discovery that a changing magnetic field produces anelectric field,a young French engineer patented a new and more efficient waterwheel.Hisname was Nenoit Fourneyron,and his device was the first successful water turbine.(The wordturbine comes from the Latin turbo:something that spins).The waterwheel,unaltered fornearly 2,000 years,had finally been superded.
十九世纪电力工业的崛起源自一系列的科学发现和电工业的发展，但我们现在目睹的水力技术的重大进步也发挥了重要作用。在1832年，当Michael Faraday发现了变化的磁场能够产生电场理论时，一位年轻的法国工程师申请了一种新型的更有效率的水轮专利。他的名字叫Nenoit Fourneyron，而他的设备是最早的成功的水力涡轮。水轮在保持了近2000年的原始模样后终于被超越了。
矢车菊怎么读
Half a century of development was needed before Faraday’s discoveries in electricity weretranslated into full-scale power stations.In 1881 the Godalming power station in Surrey,England,on the banks of the Wey River,created the world’s first public electricity supply.Thepower source of this most modern technology was橄榄糁
彩云之南歌词
