专业四级阅读之主旨题
李慧
(上海财经大学浙江学院 浙江 金华 321013)
【摘要】 主旨题主要考查的是对文章的主题思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握情况。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,对文章进行高度的概括总结,在专业四级阅读试题中属于偏难试题。本文将从主旨题常见误区谈起,结合实例,逐步得出解析主旨题行之有效的方法。
【关键词】 主旨题;中心思想;中心句
专业四级阅读试题之主旨题在整个考试中虽然所占比重不比细节题(主旨题所占比例大约在5%到20%之间,而细节题则为50%左右)大,但是却相当有难度。主旨题是考查学生对阅读材料进行归纳、综合和分析的能力,一般涉及文章的中心思想,标题以及作者的写作意图。它要求学生在理解全文的基础能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,对文章进行高度的总结概括,属于高层次题型。本文将从主旨题常见误区谈起,结合实
例,逐步得出解析主旨题行之有效的方法。招聘术语
一、常见误区
主旨题的正确选项应该概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,说明道理且表达尺度恰当。而在做题过程中,会出现各种与主题偏离、词不达意等错误选项。主旨题中常见做题误区有以下几点:1.以偏概全,即只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的评论;2.断章取义,即干扰项通常以文章中的个别信息,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观念;3.主题扩大,即干扰项所归纳概括的范围过大,超过文章实际讨论的内容;月子吃什么下奶4.张冠李戴,即命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上,从而构成干扰项;5.无中生有,似是而非,即有的干扰项中的关键词好似在文章中谈到了,但认真分析之后,会发现该干扰项与文章内容毫无联系。以上常见干扰项将通过以下三个例子进行说明:
例一:Psychologists agree that IQ contributes only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. a full 80 percent comes form other factors, including what I call emotional intelligence. following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence, and how they can be developed.(2005,TEXTD)
100. What is the best title for the passage?
A: what is Emotional Intelligence
B: How to Develop Emotional Intelligence
三号楼
C: Strategies for Getting Rid of Foul Moods
北京胡同D: How to control one's gut feelings.
【分析】通过分析,该段为中心思想段。选项C和选项D对文中其他支撑段落的总结,属于断章取义。对比选项A和B,what可以包括what和how,而how就只能讲方法,范围过小,故答案为A。
例二:Three are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a
An alternative to the market system is
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed
尕娃Q:What is the main purpo of the passage?
A: to outline contrasting types of economic systems.
B: to explain the science of economics
假期感悟
C: to argue for the superiority of one economic system.
D: to compare barter and money-exchange markets.
【分析】通过分析,不难发现第一段为中心思想段。本文主要介绍三大经济制度,即市场经济、宏观调控以及传统经济。选项B意为经济学,属于主题扩大;选项C侧重一种经济体制,属于以偏概全;选项D以第二段中的细节作为主题,则属于断章取义,故答案为A。
例三:In the ca of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent rearch indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.
First. Let’s talk about culture. ...
This has
Texting changes people
......
Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to
......(2006,TEXTA)
85 an appropriate title for the passage might be
A: the SMS effect
B: cultural implication of mobile u
C: change in the u of the mobile
D: body language and the mobile phone
【分析】通过跳读文章结构,得知第一段为主题思想段。本文讲的是使用手机不仅正改变我们的文化,而且也改变我们的身体语言。而这些变化的背后都有一定的文化implications。选项A只提到短信效应,属于以偏概全;选项C指的是使用手机的变化,为无中生有,近似而非;选项D只提到一个方面和手机的关系,属于张冠李戴,故答案为B。
二、题型特征
主旨大意题旨在考查考生的归纳总结能力以及对文章整体上的理解把握能力,这类题目常就文章的主要内容、主题或标题进行设问。此类题型又可细分为主题型主旨大意题、标题型主旨大意题和目的型主旨大意题。常见的题干形式有
1. 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:
1) The main idea (central idea) of the message is ...
2) The passage is mainly/concerned primarily about ....
3) Which of the following statements can be best summarized/expresd /summed up the main idea of the passage ?
2. 目的类的主旨大意题
1) The author's main purpo in writing the passage is to ...
2) The passage is meant to ...
3 The purpo of the article is to ...
3.标题类主旨大意题
1) The best title for the passage might/would be ...
2) Which of the following titles best summarize the main idea of the passage?
三、解题方法
主旨题有关整篇文章的中心思想,需要宏观把握。解题的主要方法有以下两种。第一,采用跳读或略读的方法快速浏览文章的开头、结尾以及段落的主题句(topic ntence)。第二,在寻找主题思想的过程中,利用相关带有转折、赞同、递进或举例的关键词,寻找出作者做出的直接的或间接的评论。
(1)认清主题句
抓主题思想,需要考生首先学会识别具有根本性和概括性的信息。这种信息应能归纳和总结文中其他信息所具有的共性。
例四:choo the most general ntence
A.哈馆The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7to 10a.m.daily.
B.There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Inn.
C.The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
D.There are a number of extra rvices at the Inn including baby-sitting.
【分析】选项A、C、D都从不同侧面说明旅馆的服务情况,相互间并无联系。而B却概括了A、C、D共性的东西,即为什么旅客在这家旅馆有种宾至如归的感觉。因此,B符合提议,倘若在一段文章里出现了着四个选项,那么B就是该段的中心思想。
(2)认识三角形判断段落主题句的位置
一段文章的中心思想通常是由主题句(topic ntence)来表述的。主题句一般位于段首,段尾或段落中间。
例五:many common words, such as the names for the days of the week and the months of the year, also come from mythology. Wednesday derives from the ancient Nor king of the gods。Woden, and Thursday was originally Thor's Day, in honor of Thor, the god of thunder.(2008,TEXTB)
【分析】本段首句为主题句,其后的内容均为说明首句。
例六:Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devid to satisfy all students at the same time.