英国文学(English Literature)
一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)
1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)
a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities
the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song
Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ
c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon pro: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)
2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):
a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌
无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; ver-romance; 2530 lines
~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:
* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness
the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家
The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发
The Hou of Fame; Troilus and Criyde; The Romaunt of the Ro《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议
b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士
二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧
1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)
a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature
b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defen of Poetry《为诗辩护》
Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a pro romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world
c.Edmund Spenr(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance
文风：a perfect melody, a rare n of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar
The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line ver stanza/ the Spenrian Stanza Spenrian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),
and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.
2) Pro 散文
a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话
b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus
Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant u of balanced ntences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.
The u of odd similes(明喻) and comparisons
c. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱
the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English pro classic
3) 戏剧
a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
first made blank ver(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English drama
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人
16 comedies :Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》
A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; The Twelfth Night;The Comedy of Errors;
Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》
11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet;Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》;The Tempest《暴风雨》
Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus
King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful
10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry V
c. Ben Jonson(琼生1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》; The Alchemist《炼金术士》
三、17世纪文学
1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派)
个人工作简介
a. John Donne(多恩1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》
文风：obscene, vulgar and rious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soul
The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）
b. John Milton(弥尔顿1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)
Paradi Regained《复乐园》;Paradi Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：clot drama; for reading rather than performing;
On His Blindness《目盲自咏》; Areopagitica《论出版自由》; Comus;L’allegro《快乐的人》;Lycidas
c. John Bunyan(班扬1628-1688): pro writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively pro style
The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: pro allegory depicting a human soul arching for salvation 宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalism
restoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical taste
a. John Dryden (德莱顿1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家)：first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticism
establish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”，成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander’s Feast;
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国四、18世纪英国文学: Realism (关注社会现状，普通人) The Neoclassical Period(17世纪中期-18世纪)
~ Enlightenment (启蒙运动): 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement.文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义
Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: 早期(Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期(Samuel Johnson) old classics
Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; u rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern
a. Samuel Pepys(毕博思1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diary
b. Alexander Pope(蒲柏1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet;Age of Pop
e–18世纪初期
文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大first introduced rationalism to England
An Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odysy; The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》; Dunciad《愚人记》
c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔1672-1729) & Joph Addison (艾迪生1672-1719): literary periodicals是你想太多
The Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club --- 现代英语小说先锋
贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”
The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets
毛式红烧肉
2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家– the Sentimentalist & the Realist
* 现实主义
a. Daniel Defoe(笛福1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人; Father of English and European Novels Moll Flanders
The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: the first person singular
Crusoe reprented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development. A Journal of the Plague Year
b. Henry Fielding(菲尔丁1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家)：英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in pro创始人
文风：exact study and obrvation of real life Joph Andrews; Amelia
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》: 18世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy“Pro Humor”
c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家): 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical pro
文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”
Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国)
The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal(bitter irony)
d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说
* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emotion and ntiment, which are ud as a sort of relief for the grief felt
towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.
a. Samuel Richardson(理查森1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”
Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison
b. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》- unusual and queer artistic form
c. Oliver Goldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Derted Village《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer
The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction
3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism(前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期
a. James Thomson(汤姆森1700-1748 苏格兰)：
The Seasons: theme - nature; blank ver；the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism
b. Edward Young(杨1683-1765)
c. William Collins(柯林斯1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚颂》
d. Thomas Gray(格雷1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despi and hurt them
Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》；Ode on the Spring
e. William Blake(布莱克1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)：symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
Songs of Experience《经验之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶
Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The Lamb Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》
f. Robert Burns(彭斯1759-1796 苏格兰)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland;the people’s poet
文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the Highland
A Red, Red Ro; Auld Lang Syne《旧日美好时光》; For a’ That and a’ That《不管那一套》
4) 戏剧
a. John Gay(盖伊1685-1732):The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs
b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹1751-1816 喜剧作家)：tendency to Realism
the artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) & anti-ntimental movement 顶峰The Rivals《情敌》
The School for Scandal《造谣学校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare
two brothers – Joph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy
五、The Romantic Period英国浪漫主义文学(1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现passion, emotion and natural beauty
It begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work –Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.
~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学
1) 特点individuals
1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.
常熟叫花鸡2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.
燕山大峡谷3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.
4. It is marked by inten human sympathy and by a conquent understanding of the human heart.
5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.
6. Spenr, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.
2) 诗歌– Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔诗人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey- worshipper of nature
a. William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)：Poet Laureate
Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》：Lines Compod a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》;
Lines Written in Early Spring 英国浪漫主义开端
The Prelude《序曲》；The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》；I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；
Compod upon Westminster Bridge；Lucy Poems; My Heart Leaps Up; To the Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》
b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治1772-1834)：poet and literary critic；Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel；
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子咏》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》
c. Robert Southey(骚赛)：Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》
3) 诗歌–第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上画一幅美丽的画
a. George Gordon Byron(拜伦1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cain《该隐》
Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》: Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗
Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。
She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》
b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters
Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》；Adonais；A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(无神论)诗剧：The Cenci《钦契一家》；Promethus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Greek mythology)
love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark《云雀颂》；Ode to the West Wind (冬天来了，春天还会远吗): swift, proud and wild的西风c. John Keats (济慈1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”– leading principle Ode to Psyche《普赛克颂》
His poetry is distinguished by nsuousness(知觉) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；Isabella Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
4) 散文: 19世纪早期，critical pro writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy
a. Charles Lamb(兰姆1774-1834 随笔): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and obrvations 最佳散文家
Old China《古旧的瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(儿童文学); Essays of Elia(论说文集)
b. William Hazlitt(哈兹利特1778-1830): 犀利的文学批评- The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays
Lectures on the English Poets; Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth
My First Acquaintance with Poets;On Going a Journey《论出游》
5) 小说情况
a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西欧历史小说之父；the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主义向现实主义转变
Waverley《威弗利》；Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》(苏格兰历史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》
b. Jane Austen(简奥斯丁1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life
首位女作家，以特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说崛起Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》Sen and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma；Persuasion《劝导》; Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》
c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein
六、The Victorian Period维多利亚时期(1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判现实主义- novel poetry/pro
Full and detailed reprentation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class
1) 小说
a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯1812-1870): 小资产阶级知识分子humoritst, satirist
狼人杀规则说明书With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the miry of common people.
Bleak Hous《荒凉山庄》；Hard Times《艰难时世》；A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》
~ 1st Period(1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》;Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》
The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历- 18世纪早期的英国的小资们petty-bourgeoisie
~ 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield; Dombey and Son《董贝父子》
~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations《远大前程》
A Tale of Two Cities：革命主题–法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦Dr. Manette -Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton
b. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley《雪莉》
Emily Bronte (1818-1848):Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) –资本主义社会婚姻制度
Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Grey
c. Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte–英国最佳传记
Mary Barton《玛丽·巴顿》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists
d.George Elliot(艾略特1819-1880 女作家): 田园生活，道德问题，心理描写Silas Marner《织工马南》
文风：rich humor and keen obrvation, very philosophical Adam Bede：Adam爱上变心女
The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie；Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德尔马契》
e. William Makepeace Thackera y(萨克雷1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero《名利场》
f. Thomas Hardy(哈代1840-1928 诗人&小说家): 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。the Wesx novel s(虚构地点)
Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》；The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；The Return of the Native《还乡》Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》: Tess & Angel Clare –人无法掌控自己的命运
g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森1850-1894): Treasure Island《金银岛》; Kidnapped
h. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradi; Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探求者》
2) 诗歌: optimism and progressive vitality
a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生1809-1902)：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人Poet Laureate In Memoriam《悼念》
sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》; Ulyss《尤利西斯》b. The Brownings布朗宁夫妇Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portugue
~ Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankind
Men and Women(诗集)；My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night；Home Thoughts, from Abroad
3) 散文
a. Thomas Carlyle(卡莱尔1795-1881 历史学家): The French Revolution –起因(the worker’s mirable living condition)
b. John Ruskin(作家&艺术评论家)：其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影响巨大
Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies
c. Matthew Arnold(阿诺德1822-1888): Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》
4) 无产阶级文学 a. Ernest Jones(琼斯1819-1869): the Chartist poets(宪章派诗人)
b. William Morris(莫里斯1834-1896): the first socialist writer
5) 19世纪末期文学趋势
a. Naturalism: 19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber - 达尔文Emile Zola & George Gissing
b. New-Romanticism: oppo the idea that art reflects life reality –Stevenson (苏格兰小说家)
c. Aestheticism(唯美主义): art is lf-sufficient and has no reference to life –在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversion
d. Descadence(颓废派文艺): the crisis of bourgeois culture; oppos the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for art’s sake”
~ Oscar Wilde(王尔德1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance;
The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎乐美》
Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》
