辍朝心理学导论 Introduction to Psychology 03
Foundations, Part I: Freud 弗洛伊德
Many of the core ideas have been rejected But many remain 相当多嘅核心理论遭到驳斥但更多得以保留
朝暮课诵
Some interesting and influential ideas 一啲有趣且有影响力嘅概念
• Unconscious reasons for feelings and actions 无意识是某些感受与行为嘅原因
• Unconscious dynamics (conflict) -- leading to dreams, speech errors, jokes, madness 无意识动力（冲突）－－引起 梦境、口误、玩笑、发颠 （之类嘅心理过程、行为）
Psychoanalytic 心理分析
Divisions of the Mind 心理（结构）分解
• Id - instinctual drives prent at birth 本我 － 自出生就存在的本能驱使
– does not distinguish between reality and fantasy 真实与幻想冇乜区别
– operates according to the pleasure principle 行为遵从快乐原则
• Ego - develops out of the id in infancy 自我 － 从幼年的本我中发展出嚟
– understands reality and logic 明白真实与逻辑
– mediator between id and superego 介乎于本我与超我之间嘅过渡
• Superego 超我
– internalization of society’s moral standards 内化嘅社会道德标准
– responsible for guilt 为罪行负责
Psychoxual Stages 性心理发展
• Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone 弗洛伊德嘅五个人格发展阶段，每个阶段都与特定的动欲区有关
• Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it way achieved in the stages 停滞人格 － 尝试通过使之成熟的必经之路的愿望 ，等同于如何经历这些阶段
Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) 口腔期 （出生到一岁）
• Mouth is associated with xual pleasure 快乐源于口腔动作（应该冇xual ）
怎么追处女座
• Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly 不合理掌握断奶时期会导致停滞人格
• Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood 停滞人格会导致成人期口腔活动（异常） PS：如暴饮暴食、抽烟等
Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) 肛门期（1－3岁）
• Anus is associated with pleasure 快乐源于肛门
• Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly 不合理掌握如厕训练会导致固着
• Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood 停滞人格会导致成人期形成不愿意排便或过份排便的习惯 PS：肛门期主要训练幼儿自控能力，此时期发生冲突会导致强迫型人格障碍产生，如洁癖、守财奴等
Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) 性蕾期（3－5岁）
• Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals 快乐的注意力转移到性器官上
• Oedipus or Electra complex can occur 俄狄浦斯情结（恋母）与恋父情结可能出现
• Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females 停滞人格会导致男性过份男性化，女性产生对于关注或控制的欲求 PS：如同性恋、异装癖、后宫控、女王控之类
Oedipus Complex
• Mom is nice
• I love Mom
• But Dad is in the way
• Kill Dad!
• Uh oh. Dad is mad
• What is the wor that Dad can do?
• Castration!
• I give up. Dad wins.
• Let’s not think about x for a while
恋母情结：妈妈很漂亮－我爱妈妈－爸爸妨碍我－杀爸爸－噢，爸爸发怒鸟－爸爸对我施加的最坏的惩罚会是什么－剪鸡鸡－我放弃，爸爸取胜－暂时不要去想性鸟 PS：随后几
年不再对性感兴趣
Latency Stage (5 - puberty) 潜伏期（5岁－青春期）
• Sexuality is represd 性欲被压抑
• Children participate in hobbies, school and same-x friendships 小孩分享爱好、学业和同性朋友
八年级生物下册Genital Stage (puberty on) 生殖期（青春期之后）
• Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others 性欲重新出现并指向其他人（指父母亲以外的人）
• Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages 健康的成年人以爱与工作为乐，停滞人格的成人将他们的经历绑定在之前的阶段 青露馒头
Defen Mechanisms 防御机制
• Unconscious mental process employed by the ego to reduce anxiety 自我使用无意识精神处理以减轻焦虑
• Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society 升华－－将行为转移到有价值的社会活动中
• Displacement - re-direction of shameful thoughts to more appropriate targets 移置－－将不体面的想法转移投放到更合适的目标上（一般这个目标是他人）
• Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impuls to someone el 投射－－通过将自己不接受的事物强加于他人以减轻欲望（投射是指个体否认自己的欲望并认为他人拥有此欲望）
• Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts 合理化－－ 为欲望寻求解释－－产生想法（指当你做坏事或有不良想法时，将行为合理化并为行为寻找一个更为社会接受的解释）
• Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development 退行－－ 行为特征回归到发展的某个早期阶段
Hysteria and its treatment 歇斯底里极其治疗
• Blindness and deafness, paralysis, trembling, panic attacks, gaps of memory, etc. 癔症性失明、失聪、瘫痪、震颤、恐慌症 等等
• The symptoms are a way of keeping emotionally charged memories under lock and key 这些征兆是一种抑制情绪波动的行为，以掌控记忆的妥善管理（锁定与打开）
• When memories are recovered, there is catharsis -- an explosive relea 当记忆恢复，发泄是一种爆炸性的释放
• Freud originally tried to get at the memories through hypnosis, but later moved to free association 弗洛伊德最初试图通过催眠唤起这些（遗忘的）记忆，但随后改用了自由联想机制
• Patients offer resistance 拔丝香蕉克服病人的抗拒
• Freud ud the methods of psychoanalysis to explore the conflicts 弗洛伊德使用心理分析方法去探寻此类抵触
More Freud 弗洛伊德其他理论
• Dreams 梦境
• Myth & Literature 神话与文献
• Religion 宗教信仰
Freud: Scientific asssment 科学评估
叶子画图片
Falsifiability (Karl Popper) 可证伪性（卡尔 波普尔）
Scientific predictions need to make strong claims about the world, and run the risk of being proven fal 科学能够做出关于世界的有力预测，而这些预测是可以被证伪的
Freud: You hate your mother
Patient: Wow. That makes n
Freud: Yes, I am right!
F：你恨你的妈妈 P：哇哦，有道理 F：我是对的
Freud: You hate your mother
Patient: No, I don’t! What a terrible idea!
Freud: Your anger shows that this idea is
painful to you. You have represd it
from consciousness. I am right!
F：你恨你的妈妈 P：我才没有，多糟糕的想法 F跳远通讯稿：你的愤怒表明了我刚才的话正中要害，你将这种想法压抑了下来，我是对的
Freud: Adult personality traits are shaped by the cour of psychoxual development. All dreams are disguid wish-fulfillment. 成年人的人格特质是在性心理的发展过程中形成的，所有的梦境都是愿望满足的伪装
Psychoanalysis is the best treatment for mental disorders. 精神分析是治疗心理障碍的最佳手段
Scientist: I disagree. There is little or no evidence that supports any of tho claims.
科学家：我反对，没有任何证据能够支持这些观点
Freud: Your rejection of my ideas shows that they are distressing to you. This is becau I am right! Also, you have deep psychological problems, and require extensive therapy.
弗洛伊德：你对我观点的反对说明这些观点让你感到痛苦。这些（你感到痛苦）又是因为我是对的。而且，你有严重的心理问题，而且需要详尽的治疗。
