Chapter 3
Life Cycle of tourism area
旅游地生命周期理论及其应用
身边的榜样作文
一、Concept and Classification of tourism areas旅游地概念和分类
二、 Theory of Tourism Area Life cycle 理论
（一）theory 理论
（二）appraisal评价
三、Application应用
一、Concept and Classification of tourism areas
(一) Concept概念
1、tourism resource旅游资源
all tho factors which can attract tourists to travel, such as natural matters, historical heritage，大湖论坛culture, and artificial landscape.
所有能够吸引旅游者旅游的要素，例如自然要素，历史遗迹，文化要素和人造景观
2、tourism area旅游地
莫力庙水库an area where tourists stay and travel, and is compod of tourism resources, facilities, and other conditions in specific space.
旅游者逗留和旅行的地方，包括旅游资源和旅游设施及其他旅游条件的特定区域。
（二）classification分类
（1）by space按空间划分
tourism activity area; 旅游活动区 tourism reception area；旅游接待区
（2）by industry 按产业划分
tourism industry is dominant among economic industries, eg: Zhangjiajie, Jiuzhaigou；
旅游业是其主要支柱产业，如张家界、九寨沟
tourism industry is one of important industries among economic industries, eg: Beijing, Dalian.
旅游业只是其中重要产业之一，如北京，大连等
（3）by attribute and using direction按属性和利用方向
tourism areas compod mainly by natural landscape, culture resources, historic sites, entertainment, sports, industries and synthetic types.
自然景观地，文化旅游地，历史旅游地，娱乐运动旅游地，产业旅游地，综合旅游地
二、 Theory of Tourism Area Life cycle 理论 （回忆旅游学概论中的相关内容）
加拿大学者1980年提出，目前公认并被广泛应用。
（一）theory 理论
阶段STAGE | 特点CHARACTERISTICS |
探查EXPLORATION | Small numbers of visitors "discover" a destination. 少部分游客“发现”目的地 |
参与南京长江大桥的简介INVOLVEMENT | Greater, perhaps regular visitation with local entrepreneurs beginning to convert existing facilities or provide new ones for visitors. 随着本地企业开始为游客改善现有的设施或提供新的设施，有更多的可能是经常的游客参观。 |
发展DEVELOPMENT "TAKE-OFF | Establishment of infrastructure (rvice and attraction facilities) for tourism; appearance of a defined and regular market, stimulated by advertising, and the general replacement of smaller locally controlled facilities by larger non-locally-owned development. 旅游基础设施的建设阶段（服务和吸引设施）；由于广告宣传作用，出现了明确的稳定的客源；当地有限的旅游设施被外来企业所替代； |
巩固CONSOLIDATION | Final stage of initial growth, albeit at a rate below that of the development pha, with control of much or all marketing, development and visitor rvices in the origin-areas of visitors elwhere. Also marketed by the absolute maximum number of visitors with development being "condary" and complementary in nature. 随着对客源地进行部分或全面的营销，开发和服务，尽管比发展阶段的增长率低，但此阶段是初始增长的最后阶段；而且本质上又是游客达到最大数量的附属和补充的阶段； |
停滞STAGNATION | Marked by little or no growth with capacity levels of many variables reached or breached. Problems relating to the physical and human environments can be expected by this stage. 以很小的增长或无增长为标志，伴随着达到或超过许多可变的容量水平；在这一阶段有可能出现自然和人文环境问题。 |
下降DECLINE | If capacity levels are exceeded and environmental degradation ts in, a reduction in visitor satisfaction and hence competitiveness will lead to a decline in visitor arrivals. 如果超出容量水平导致环境下降，游客满意度下降，竞争会导致游客数量下降。 |
稳定STABILITY | Simply to keep constant, redevelopment, maintenance of quality and appeal, and respect of capacity levels, can result in stability. (Butler describes this as "sustainable development") 保持不变，再发展，保证质量和吸引力，尊重容量水平，将会保持稳定（巴特勒描述这一阶段为“可持续发展”） |
复苏REJUVENATION | For a few destinations if sufficient capital and redevelopment occurs, the image and attractiveness can be either restored or changed dramatically 对于新旅游地，如果有足够的资金和再发展，那么它的形象和吸引力将会被恢复并发生显著变化。 龙开头成语 |
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（二）appraisal理论评价
1. significance意义
(1) to analyze feature, rules and cau of different tourism areas development;
便于分析不同旅游地具体生命周期的特点，规律及产生原因。
(2) to guide development and management of tourism areas;
有效指导旅游地的规模建设和管理。
2. shortcoming缺点
this model can not combine quantitative analysis of supply and demand.
解释模型未能与供需双方的量变相结合，否则令成为旅游一般理论源泉。
三、Application 应用
（A）International－Level resort国际级
（B）National－Level resort国家级
（C）Karst Holes喀斯特洞穴
ca study： Yunnan and Singapore
（A） International－Level resort国际级
1、Features特点
（1）enter into consolidation fast条件满足，可迅速走向稳定成熟阶段。
（2）long life cycle, long consolidation pha;
生命周期较长，可维持长久的稳定成熟阶段。
2、 Revelations开发启迪
游公园 （1）maintenance of quality；保持良好的旅游地形象
（2）control carrying capacity，reduce negative effect.
控制旅游环境容量，尽量避免负面影响。使其维护长久的稳定成熟阶段。
3、Example举例 —— the Summer Palace颐和园、周庄、张家界
颐和园——国际级旅游地，皇家园林与秀美的自然环境相互融合，是我国古代皇家园林中的杰作。
其生命周期特点见P110，图6.2：
①没有探索参与阶段，直接进入长期发展阶段。
②巩固和停滞阶段，维护时间较为长久。
（B） National－Level resort国家级
（1）features：特点：
风景用英语怎么说 short-period involvement stage, fast development and decline stage；
短时间参与阶段，迅速发展，迅速衰退；
rejuvenation again and slow decline; 迅速复苏后，又缓慢衰退，
two fastigiums (高峰期); 出现2个高峰期。
（2）caus：
being restrained by new scenery spots around Qixing Rock; 因为周边开发新旅游项目
being determined by features of natural tourism resource; 由自然旅游资源的特点决定的
（3）aim：目标
to prevent declining，阻止下滑
to maintain existing market share，保持现有的市场占有率
not to expect too much。不要期待过多
（4）suggests：建议
develop leisure and vacation market on weekend from Guangzhou ;
鸣人干雏田开发广州周末休闲度假市场
develop new products; 开发新产品
promote broadly in order to attract visitors living around the resort;
为了吸引周边游客全方位促销（产品改进、调整价格，加大宣传促销力度……）
（二）national－level resort
1、 feature：特点
according with general life cycle 基本符合巴特勒生命周期（6个阶段）
2、revelation：prolong life cycle 启示：延长生命周期
（1）developing new product and new market
开发新产品，新市场
（2）marketing effectively (4Ps) 全方位营销
3、example：Qixing rock scenery in Zhaoqing county of Guangdong province
案例：肇庆七星岩景区
（C） Karst Holes喀斯特洞穴
1、Features of Resource旅游资源特点
（1）ubiquitous (遍在性); 大多有碳酸盐分布的地区，几乎都有Karst洞穴发育。
（2）more common characters; less unique characters; 共性大，独特性小，
（3）low probability of revisit. 重游率低，吸引范围为区域性的。
2、characteristic of life cycle生命周期特点：
（1） no or short exploration and involvement stage，immediately enter into development stage or even arrive to climax; 无探查、参与阶段，直接进入发展阶段。
