模联会议之立场文件(Position paper)
立场文件是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件。它在会议进行前就需要提交,以供代表互相了解立场,更有针对性地准备会议。在会议中,它也可作为代表正式发言的主要的参照材料。
一、立场文件的内容
一份出色的立场文件应该有理有据、语言精准,并且鲜明、准确、有力地阐述本国针对某一议题的立场。广而言之,立场文件顾名思义,就是阐述本国的立场;具体来讲,一份出色的立场文件需要包含以下方面的内容:
1.本国在该议题中的基本立场与态度;
2.本国赞成及签署的与该议题相关的国际协议,本国参与的与该议题相关的国际合作和行动;
3.本国与该议题的相关程度,对于解决该问题在国内曾经采取过的重要行动、通过的重要法案;别友人
4.本国对于解决该问题所提出的相关建议(包括国内措施和国际行动);
5.本国领导人及政要发表的有关该议题的重要讲话;
6.本国在该议题中的相关利益总结及立场底线总结。
为了进一步说明立场文件中所应包含的具体内容,下面将举一实例,如裁军与国际安全委员会
)的英国(United Kingdom)代表在写作关于反对(Disarmament and International Security Committee)的英国(
恐怖主义的国际合作(International Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism)这一议题的立场文件时,应该包含以下的具体内容:
1.英国对于恐怖主义问题的态度,对于国际反恐合作的基本立场;
2.英国赞成和签署的国际反恐合作条约,英国所参与的国际反恐合作行动;
3.英国国内的恐怖主义活动情况以及英国政府所采取的相关措施、为应对反恐所通过的相关法律;
4.英国认为国际社会应该如何解决恐怖主义问题,对于国际反恐合作的具体建议;
5.英国领导人在正式场合所发表的关于国际反恐的发言和基本立场表态;
6.国际反恐合作与英国国家利益的相关程度,英国对反恐问题的立场底线。
二、立场文件的结构
一般来讲,立场文件分为四个段落比较合理,分别为基本立场、国际行动、国内行动、解决方案。采取这样的“四段式”文章结构,能够使立场文件观点明确、内容全面、环环相扣、逻辑清楚。
第一段为本国对该议题所持的基本立场和态度的阐述。此段应总启全文、开门见山,明确清晰地表明本国的基本立场——即所讨论的问题与本国的利益关系,以及本国对于此问题所持的明确立场。在后文的论述中,全文应该围绕着本段的观点和立场进行展开陈述。
第二段应简述本国所参与的与议题相关的国际行动。国际行动既包括本国所参加的国与国之间对于解决此问题所采取的共同行动方案,也包括本国赞成、同意、签署的相关国际条约的内容。
例如,澳大利亚代表在写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件时,可以引用相关资料、数据及本国领导人
的讲话和政策支持本国的观点,如:“澳大利亚签署并全力支持《联合国气候变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)以及《京都议定书》(Kyoto Protocol)的相关规定”。
第三段应阐述本国对于解决该问题所采取的国内行动。在本段中要详细讲述本国国内利益与此议题的
相关
程度,并且介绍本国应对该问题所曾采取的具体措施、通过的相关法律等。
例如,再次以上面澳大利亚代表写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件为例,澳大利亚代表的立场文件中
可以出现以下的内容:“根据澳大利亚国家天气与气候研究中心的数据,自1993年以来,全球变暖正影响
地球海平面以每年3毫米或更快的速度增长,海平面上升严重影响力澳大利亚沿海低地,并且对太平洋中
的一些岛屿构成了切实的威胁。2006年澳大利亚总理霍华德签署了一项5亿澳元的特别基金,旨在发展本
国的清洁能源建设以防止气候变暖为澳大利亚带来的恶劣影响”。
第四段提出本国认为解决该问题所需要在国内和国际层面采取的具体措施与行动。模拟联合国会议的最终
目标是为了解决国际问题,因此各国应该根据本国的立场和全球的利益提出切实可行的解决方案。立场文
件中所提出的解决措施应该具体、可行、合理,而不是泛泛而谈。
例如,同样在全球气候变暖问题上,澳大利亚可以在立场文件中提出解决方案:“澳大利亚认为解决全球气
候变暖的根本措施在于控制能源消耗及研发清洁能源。在科研方面,各国应该进行实质性的技术交流,共
同开发具有可持续性的新能源;在气候治理方面,在遵循《京都议定书》中…共同但有区别的责任‟的同时,
澳大利亚敦促发达国家和发展中国家承担更多的二氧化碳减排责任。”
需要注意的是,立场文件没有固定的内容要求,以上只是推荐一种最为常用的写作立场文件的形式。无论
形式如何,立场文件的核心都是要完整、清晰、明确地表达出本国在某一特定议题中的立场。此外,立场
文件没有必要一定分成四个段落,如果其中某一部分的内容较多,可以分成两个段落来写,每一个段落五
至六个句子最佳。以下是一篇立场文件的写作范例:
Delegate: Zhang San, Wang Wu
寿宴主持词开场白
School: Beijing No.1 Middle School
Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Committee: ECOSOC
Topic: International Migration
International Migration has become a world focus, for it has clo relationship to many other important issues. On one hand, migration is contributive to global culture and economic communication. On the other, migration touches on numbers of sharp problems, inclusive of human rights, refugees, public education, healthcare, racial and gender discrimination. As a developed country in west Europe, UK is evidently facing the problem of international migratio
喜迎元旦手抄报n. According to the UK National Bureau of Statistics, the number of migrants in UK is about 5 million, which forms 10% of the nation‟s population. As the former Prime Minister Tony Blare has stated, migrants has become a strong contributive power in UK economy.
The international community has long paid attention to the problem of migration. In 2003, the Global Commission on International Migration was created to study ways that governments and UN agencies can
work together to address migration issues. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights is also working on important human rights issue in international migration. There have also been a number of international documents produced which affect the treatment of migrants, such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.
The UK government is always making effort in many aspects to provide better treatment to legal migrants and prevent illegal migration. UK is always working to constitute better social environment for legal migrants. For instance, UK put forward the new bill on migration in March 2006, which includes fine evaluation criteria for migrants and standardizes migration to some extent.
UK affirms its intention of cooperating with other countries on the issue of international migration. UK would like to utilize the power of international legislation to standardize migration. UK would also like to optimize the information-exchange system among countries to provide more efficiency in solving migration issues. Moreover, UK is willing to establish stable cooperation on migration issues with
third-world countries. In details, UK intends to establish express gateways to welcome legal migrants and work with third-world countries on preventing illegal migrants. To sum up, UK is convinced that with the cooperation among countries, international migration will contribute more to the world and cau less trouble.
模联会议之工作文件(Working paper)
工作文件是达成基本共识的几个国家在会议进程中共同撰写的文件。它的内容包括针对所讨论议题的基本
立场以及解决问题的建议与措施。
时光电影院
简而言之,工作文件就是代表们在会议过程中通过游说与磋商所达成的基本共识的书面表达。工作文件没
有固定格式,它可以分条列出,也可以用图表等形式表达,以下为工作文件的写作范例:
WORKING PAPER 1.1
UN Conference on Trade and Development
Generalized System of Preferences
驾照宝典Sponsors: Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador
Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador believe that a GSP should be t up so that lesr-Developed Countries (LDCs) receive preferential treatment from Developed Countries (DCs). To that end we propo:
1. Each DC reduces their tariffs to the lowest level possible. This level will be determined by the below created subcommittee,
百合组2. Bilateral trade agreements should be pursued for further reductions in tariffs.
3. Trade preferences should be granted in the following areas: Agriculture, Manufactures,
Semi-manufactures, Raw materials.
4. Decisions on product coverage by preference giving nations must be made in consultation with the affected LDC. Annual re-evaluation of coverage shall take place with the LDC with disputed going to the below-created subcommittee.
模联会议之决议草案(draft resolution)
决议草案(Draft Resolution)是在一份或多份工作文件的基础上形成的包含对于所讨论议题的实质性解决
方案与具体措施的书面提案。在会议中,决议草案的赞成票如果达到或超过全部有效票数的三分之二,即
意味着决议草案得到通过而成为了正式的决议。在真正的联合国中,一些决议草案如果得到通过而成为了
联合国决议,则意味着它有了法律效力和实际的约束力。因此,决议是一次联合国会议的最终成果,是各
激情艺术国对议题基本达成一致的体现。
在模拟联合国会议中,决议草案在会议指导审核通过后印发全场。在接下来的进程中,代表们要对决议草
案进行深入地讨论。当有修改的必要时各国代表可以提出修正案予以修改。当有代表提出动议结束辩论并
对决议草案进行投票时,如果此动议得到通过,即结束辩论程序而对决议草案进行唱名表决。如果决议草
案的赞成票如果达到或超过全部有效票数的三分之二,即意味着决议草案得到通过而成为了正式的决议。
反之,则意味着决议草案未获通过。
决议草案是模拟联合国会议中最重要的文件,决议草案的写作在语言、结构和内容等方面有着严格的要求。
模拟联合国中的各位代表在撰写决议草案是应该严格遵守相关的要求和规范。决议草案的条款分为序言性
条款(Perambulatory Claus)和行动性条款(Operative Claus)两类:
在序言性条款中,每一条款要以动名词形式开头,动名次下加下划线,同时每一条款以逗号结束;在行动
性条款中,每一条款要以动词第三人称单数开头,同时该动词应以斜体显示,每一条款以分号结束,最后
一个条款以句号结束。
行动性条款是决议草案最重要的部分,决议草案行动性条款的语言也有如下一些特点:首先,每一条款都
表达一个单独且完整的意思;其次,每一条款以动词第三人称单数开头,条款的主语是该委员会,如联合
国安全理事会(UNSC);再次,决议草案行动性条款的句型主要有两种,一种是“动词第三人称单数形式+
由that引导的宾语从句”,另一种是“动词第三人称单数形式+国家+to do(动词不定式)”。
决议草案通常由一个或几个国家起草,并需要经过一定数量其他国家的签字认可,才可提交大会进行讨论。
针对同一个议题,可以有由不同国家或国家集团提出的观点和立场不同的多份决议草案,最终采用全体投
票的方式决定哪份决议草案最终成为决议,一份决议草案须在得到大会全体成员国2/3多数同意后方可通
过。以下为一篇决议草案范例:
DRAFT RESOLUTION 1.1
General Asmbly
Report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country
Sponsors: Argentina, Germany, Japan, South Africa, United States of America
Signatories: Azerbaijan, Brazil, Bangladesh, Barbados, Croatia, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, etc.
The General Asmbly,
Having considered the report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country,
Recalling article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Convention on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, the agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations and the responsibility of the host country,
Recalling also that, in accordance with paragraph 7 of General Asmbly resolution, 2819 (XXVI) of 15 December 1971, the Committee should consider, and advi the host country on, issues arising in connection with the implementation of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations,
Recognizing that effective measures should continue to be taken by the competent authorities of the host country, in particular to prevent any acts violating the curity of missions and the safety of their personnel,
八下英语书译林版
1.Endorsthe recommendations and conclusions of the Committee on Relations with the Host
Country contained in paragraph 86 of its report;
2.Requeststhe host country to consider removing the remaining travel restrictions, notes that
during the reporting period some travel restrictions previously impod by the host country on staff of certain missions and staff members of the Secretariat of certain nationalities were
removed, and, in this regard, notes the positions of affected;
3.States as reflected in the report of the Committee, of the Secretary General and of the host
country;
(中文范文):
决议草案1.1
联合国安全理事会
朝鲜核问题
起草国:英国、美国`
附议国:中国、法国、俄罗斯
安全理事会,