视频2 翻译的基本步骤
汉译英基本步骤
南京云锦博物馆
一、合并原则
如果多个小句子的汉语句子，考虑句子之间的连接。资本主义
我们要抓住新的机遇（1），迎接新的挑战（2），采取更加有力的措施（3），以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放（4），力争在对外贸易和吸收外资上有新的增长（5）。
A.并列关系
1 and 2
Seasons come and go. 只有并列关系才能用and。
B.目的关系
3 and
4 to
5 ( in order to/ so as to)
C.因果关系（as, since, becau, for）
转折关系（though, although, even though）
总分关系（分述可用ing体现）
Americans have long snickered(看不起) Latin America countries, calling them banana republics.
手工鱼二、主干原则（main structure）
中美之间建立在平等互利基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系
修饰语放在中心词后面
三、转序原则（modifier）
劳动分工（中美之间）（建立在平等互利基础上）
劳动分工Between China and America bad on equality and mutual benefit
修饰语往后放。
汉译英过程中，从后往前推，找出中心词
四、转译原则
劳动分工
divide labor → the division of labor 表示中文中的动宾结构
追逐利润
Cha profit → the cha of profit
废除奴隶制度
abolish slavery → the abolition of slavery
五、时态原则
英文16种时态
中国的教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的意义。完成时态
有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日，尤其是经典著作。过去时
通过阅读，人们能更好的学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作，而教育的目的正式要培养这些基本素质。一般现在时对于普遍事实的说明
六、省略原则
中国人们以其勤劳的双手，增进了美国的福祉，促进其产业升级换代。
翻译的不是字面的词语，而是字所要表达的意义。翻译后的文字在另一种语言中能被读者接受，符合其习惯
diligent通常修饰人
Chine people, with their diligence…
姜子牙的师傅
或The diligent Chine people
五年后的自己
汉译英中，多余的、不需要表达的意向需要省略
英译汉的基本步骤
The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies. that engineered the defeat.
一、确定主干
The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies. that engineered the defeat.
二、分析意群（表达一串独立意义的词）
The most important fact（in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission）is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies. that engineered the defeat.
三、切分意群
婴儿有机奶粉
分析出来的意群切分出去做独立的句子
The most important fact（in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission）is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies. that engineered the defeat.
销售任务书四、转译原则
The most important fact（in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission）is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat.
Failure-派生名词fail
英语中的派生名词可以进行词类转换
大刀剜心
Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission (没有能够)
五、明确词义
Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U. N. Human Rights Commission.
The most important fact in it is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat.
举例：smart→my eyes smarted. (感到)刺痛
flag:v. 下降
engineer:v 导致，引起
六、转序原则
Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U. N. Human Rights Commission.
The most important fact in it is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat.
英语中时间状语和地点状语在句子中间。中文中需要进行调整（时间和地点放前面）。Washington代指美国（用首都指代国家）
本周四，美国自1947年来首次未能再次入选联合国人权委员会。其中，引人注目的一点在于，这次是美国的盟友，而不是他的敌人，导致了他的失利。
The traditional supporters have been increasingly provoked[by America’s tendency to ignore the international connsus on issues (ranging from the u of land mines to the reduction of emission.)]
中文中，结论放最后。
无论是使用地雷问题还是减排问题，美国在许多问题上常常无视国际共识，使向来支持美国的国家越来越感到不满。
