第七讲 短语动词
概说：英语中的动词按其构成可分为单词动词(single-word verb)和短语动词(phrasal verb)。短语动词常常是两个词（一个动词+一个副词性小品）或两个以上单词构成那个的动词。同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。
重点：短语动词的基本结构及其语态
难点：短语动词和动词短语的区别
剥皮鱼的做法
内容：
一、短语动词的用法
短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：
我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。
我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .
短语动词可表现为不同类型 如下所示：
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短语动词不带宾语：
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：
动词+往年高考成绩副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：
I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)
如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：
动词+幼儿园门口>小学生简介代词教养笔记小班+副词性小品词
I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)
奋进的*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：
I don’t get on with the people at work.
概括起来，这种动词主要有三种组合形式，具体分类如下：
1.动词 + 介词
I agree with (与......看法一致)you on that point.
Before long he took to (爱上)a girl student in his class.
2.动词 + 副词
I can't figure out (理解)why he said that.
Uncle Herman pasd away (去世)many years ago.
3.动词 + 副词+ 介词
We don't go in for (喜欢)that kind of thing.
I couldn't put up with (忍受)the noi any longer.
在"动词+副词+介词"的组合中,短语动词只能看作是一个动词,绝对不能拆开.
另外,还需要注意的是,以上三类短语动词都是一些固定搭配,这些短语动词与某些非固定搭配是有区别的,试比较:
(1) The lights went out.
(2) He put on his coat and went out.
例(1)中的went out(熄灭)是由"动词+副词"构成的短语动词.例(2)中的went out(出去)不是短语动词,went 是动词,out是副词,作状语.
二．及物与不及物短语动词
由动词和副词构成的短语动词有的起及物动词的作用对称中心,有的起不及物动词的作用.短语动词是及物的还是不及物的主要取决于短语动词的意思.因为,一个短语动词可能具有两个或几个不同的意思,儿童灯笼制作用作某个或某几个意思时可能是及物的,用作别的意思时又可能是不及物的.例如:
He took off his coat when he entered the hou and put it on again when he went out. (take off 是及物短语动词)
There is often a spectators' balcony at airports, where people can watch the planes taking off and landing. (take off是不及物短语动词)
