English Rhetoric
By Ma Jishan Chapter Eight Syntactic Figures of Speech(I)
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8.1 Repetition重复
8.1.1 Immediate repetition直接重复
8.1.2 Intermittent repetition间歇重复
8.2 Anaphora首语重复
8.3 Epiphora尾语重复
8.4 Simploce双重重复
8.5 Anadiplosis联珠法
8.6 Parallelism排比
8.7 Antithesis对偶；对照
Contents of This Chapter
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8.1 Repetition
Repetition v.s. Redundancy
Redundancy is a kind of faulty wording, which results from ideological confusion.
Repetition is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.
<
Now I was shocked not only by the disclosure but I was equally shocked by the fact that my fellow minar participants were not shocked.
She saw there an object. That object was the gallows. She was afraid of the gallows.
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A powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.
< One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. (Proverb)
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
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(2) Purpos:
Knit the ideas together
Emphasize an idea
Generate emotional force财务岗位有哪些
O Captain! My Captain! Ri up and hear the bells;
Ri up－for you the flag is flung－for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths－for you the shores crowding,
For you they call,the swaying mass,their eager faces turing ;
啊，船长！我的船长！起来听听这钟声，
起来吧－－旌旗在为你招展－－号角在为你欢鸣，
为你，岸上挤满了人群－－为你，人们准备了无数的鲜花和花环，
为你，雀跃的人群在欢呼，他们在急切地瞭望；
<
这首广为流传的《啊，船长！我的船长！》，作者是Walt Whitman（美）沃尔特·惠特曼，写于林肯总统被刺不久，诗中充满着象征色彩，清新的气氛和深沉的情感。
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(3) Classification:
Repetition can be of sounds, words, phras or ntences. According to different standards, it can be classified into different types.
Ways of repetition: immediate repetition and intermittent repetition
Place of repetition: anaphora, epiphora, simploce, and anadiplosis
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8.1.1 Immediate repetition直接重复
Immediate repetition refers to the way words, phras or ntences are repeated without intervals. Immediate repetition is mainly ud for emphasis, but it is also ud to express various emotions.
For example,
Voice: Let me in. Let me in. Vigdis. Thord.
Vigdis: Who’s there?
思念英语Voice: Open! Open! For God’s sake. Let me in!
(John Mafield: The Locked Chest) (--to indicate fright and tension)
Lear: And my poor fool is hang’d. No, no, no life! Why should a dog, a
hor, a rat have life, and thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no
more. Never, never, never, never, never!
(Shakespeare: King Lear) (-- to indicate despair)
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8.1.2 Intermittent repetition间歇重复
Intermittent repetition refers to the way the repeated words, phras or ntences are parated by some other words, phras or ntences.
For example,
We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppo any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (John F. Kennedy) (express strong determination)
When the right people get together for the right reason in the right place in the right way and at the right time, the right kind of memories are in the making. (emphasizing the importance of rightfulness)
It is ud for emphasis, for expressing strong emotions or for some special purpos.
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8.2 Anaphora首语重复
Anaphora involves the repetition of the same word at the beginning
of successive claus, ntences or vers.
(2) Anaphora is commonly in conjunction with climax and parallelism in
order to gain more emphasis to convey strong emotions.
(3) Anaphora is commonly ud in poetry and public speech.
For example,
I want to know how long she’s been there, I want to know what she’s there at all for. (W. Howells)
“You have all my crets,” she leered. Tears slid; tears fell; tears, like diamonds, collecting powder in the ruts of her cherry blossom cheeks. (V. Woolf: “The Duchess and the Jeweller”) Page 10
欲治其国者，先齐其家。
欲齐其家者，先修其身。
欲修其身者，先正其心。
欲正其心者，先诚其意。
欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。（出自《大学》）
Light come, light go.
Love me, love my dog.
Harm hatch, harm catch.
Out of sight, out of mind.
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8.3 Epiphora尾语重复
Epiphora is the opposite of anaphora. It is the repetition of the same
words or phras at the end of successive lines, claus or ntences.
(2) Epiphora is an extremely emphatic device becau the emphasis is placed on the last word in
a phra or on the last phra in a clau or ntence.
For example,
That government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”)
If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.
Sow nothing, reap nothing.
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A fine woman! a fair woman! a sweet woman! (Shakespeare: Othello)
And will you, nill you, I will marry you. (Shakespeare)
Sow nothing, reap nothing.
Grasp all, lo all.
Waste not, want not.
没有播种就没有收获。
什么都想要，什么也得不到；贪多必失；欲尽得，必尽失
不浪费，不愁缺；俭以防匮。
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8.4 Simploce双重重复
Simploce involves the repetition of two ts of phras, of which one t is repeated at the beginning 记号笔怎么洗掉
of each clau, ntence or ver line and the other t is repeated at the end of each of them. The pattern is “ a……b// a……b”.
For example,
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three class: tho who are toiled to death, tho who are worried to death, tho who are bored to death.
This is the world’s fight. This is civilization’s fight. This is the fight of all who believe in progress and pluralism, tolerance and freedom.
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所谓修身在其正心者，
身有所忿懥，则不得其正；
有所恐惧，则不得其正；
有所好乐，则不得其正；
移动硬盘不显示
有所忧患，则不得其正。——《大学》
In a cake, nothing tastes like real butter, nothing moistens like real butter, nothing enriches like real butter, nothing satisfies like real butter.
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8.5 Anadiplosis
It is the repetition of the last part of a unit or ntence at the beginning of the next unit or ntence, who pattern is /……a, a……/. If this device is repeated veral times, it is termed chain-repetition.
For example,
The king was bad tempered becau he was often ill. He was often ill becau he ate and drank too much.
For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter.cpuz怎么看
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It is profit now, not the product. Half the time we cheat the foreman, the foreman cheats the management, the management cheats the customers. And the customers are we. (J.B. Priestly)五行相生: 金生水, 水生木, 木生火, 火生土, 土生金.
继承的英文五行相克: 金克木, 木克土, 土克水, 水克火, 火克金.
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8.6 Parallelism
(1) Parallelism is the repetition of syntactically similar constructions
of coordinated ntences or phras.
(2) Parallelism gives emphasis, clarity and coherence of ideas as well as the rhythm of the language.
< a) Oregon’s bottle law has saved taxpayer’s money, conrved energy, and created jobs.
b) Oregon’s bottle law has saved taxpayer’s money, conrves energy, and creates jobs.
a) I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. I speak as an American.
b) I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. And I am also addressing you as an American.
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(3) Parallelism is often ud in persuasive speech. It is either within a ntence or across ntences, within a paragraph or across paragraphs.
within a ntence
< The past, with its crimes, follies, and its tragedies, flashes away. (Winston S. Churchill)
... and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln)
Across ntences:
The ed ye sow, another reaps;
The wealth ye find, another keeps;
The robe ye weave, another wears;
The arms ye forge, another bears.(Shelley)
动工仪式你们播下了种子，别人来收割；你们找到了财富，归别人占有；你们织布成衣，穿在别人身上；你们锻造武器，握在别人的手。
该诗选自Song To The Men Of England （致英国人之歌）的第五节，作者是Percy Bysshe Shelley （雪莱）
背景：1819年8月6日，曼彻斯特六万工人在圣彼德广场聚会、游行示威，要求普选权、反对谷物法案，遭到当局的镇压，很多人受伤，有的死难.雪莱当时在意大利，听到此事后义愤填膺，写了著名长诗"专制魔王的化装舞剧"(The Mask of Anarchy).同年他写了这一首革命态度鲜明的政治抒情诗，并拟把它们印成传单散发，但无人敢承印，直至雪莱死后才得以发表. 在诗人的许多作品中可见到为争取自由而斗争的主题，诗人心目中的自由包括消灭对劳动的剥削，这一观念在本诗中得到深刻的表达.诗人向劳动人民致辞，号召世界的创造者------劳动人民，向资本家进行斗争，拿起武器捍卫自身的权利.全诗共八节，每节四行，每行四个重音节，双行韵式aa-bb.
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We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by a, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God's help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke. Across Paragraphs
We know it becau we have en it revive and grow.
浙江省大学生网上就业市场We know it cannot die--becau it is built on the unhampered initiative of individual men and women joined together in common enterpri--an enterpri undertaken and carried through by the free expression of a free majority.
We know it becau democracy alone, of all forms of government, enlists the full force of men's enlightened will. ... (Franklin D. Roovelt)
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(4) Parallelism is deeply rooted in our mind. Some people even argue that parallelism should be grouped into grammar becau on so many occasions parallelism is a rule and a must.
(5) Parallelism is often ud together with repetition, either verbally or syntactically. They make a very formidable pair in forceful writing of any kind. They help drive home a point.
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8.7 Antithesis
Definition: Antithesis is placing contrasting ideas side by side for emphasis and rhythm. The elements (usually two) are contrary in meaning but similar in form.
< The world will little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. (Abraham Lincoln)
United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, ... (John F. Kennedy)
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(2) Ways of creating antithesis:
A) The u of antonyms
< Penny wi; pound foolish. （小事聪明，大事糊涂。）
Speech is silver (or silvern) ; silence is golden.（沉默是金。）
Few words and many deeds. （少说话，多做事。）
Art is long, life is short. （生命有限，艺术永恒。）
Faults are thick where love is thin. （爱情一淡薄，缺点就增多。）
Marriage is easy, houkeeping is hard. （结婚容易持家难。）
Hope for the best, and prepare for the worst. （抱最好的希望，做最坏的打算）Page 23
B) The rever of the word order
< And so, my fellow Americans: Ask not what your country can do for you---ask what you can do for your country. (John
F. Kennedy)
(3) Antithesis always gives strength, adds vividness and appeals to the audience’s emotion. It results in linguistic brevity and rhythmic harmony.
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这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代;
这是智慧做主的年代，也是愚蠢当家的年代;
这是有所信仰的年头，也是凡事怀疑的年头;
这是光明照亮的季节，也是黑暗笼罩的季节;
这是希望之春，绝望之冬;
人们面前有着各样事物，人们面前一无所有;
人们正在直登天堂，人们正在直下地狱。
It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
