英语专四试题阅读理解训练及答案详解

英语专四试题阅读理解训练及答案详解

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A Nation That's Losing Its Toolbox

The scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pau.

In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-rious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourlf, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.

It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourlfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory ems to be a shrinking prence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.

This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast ctions of the country.

That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himlf as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.

The Obama ***istration does worry publicly 简历背景图about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White Hou cheered. "When you e things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.

Ask the ***istration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asrting that a growing manufacturing ctor encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American lf-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.

Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who ek train国营武汉长虹机械厂ing for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in respon to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.

The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.

Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from asmbler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed.

"In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call rvice jobs, in restaura考普通话nts and laundries, or in med葛根有什么作用ical technology and the like."

That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.

By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and tho who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服).

"Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the hou," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of cour, but they don't know how to build them."

Manufacturing's shrinking prence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only becau ma空调滤网清洗ny of the nation's asmbly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now clod) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work.

"I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that the extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive asmbly line work in the factory."

Craft work has higher status in竹菜板 nations like Germany, which invests in a全国卫生城市pprenticeshi注重的拼音p (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be rved economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.

The damage to American craftsmanship ems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost. A stated goal of the Obama ***istration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.

As for craftsmanship itlf, the issue is how to prerve it as a valued skill in the general population穴盘苗. Mfast无线网卡s. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1. How did the author feel looking at the scene inside the Home Depot?

A) He felt proud that he was a do-it-youlfer himlf.

B) He was inspired by the way the wares were displayed.

C) He felt troubled about the weakening of American craftsmanship.

D) He was happy to e the return of the do-it-yourlf spirit in America.

2. What does the author think of mastering tools and working with one's hands?

A) It shapes people's thinking and behavior.

B) It is no longer important in modern times.

C) It helps politicians connect with workmen.

D) It is esntial to advanced manufacturing.

3. How did the White Hou respond to Ford's announcement to bring some production

A) It worried publicly.

B) It felt much relieved.

C) It made no comment.

D) It welcomed the decision.

4. How does the author view manufacturing?

A) It encourages craftsmanship.

B) It is vital to national defen.

C) It can change the lf-image of workers.

D) It reprents the nation's glorious past.

5. What do we learn about America's manufacturing in the 1950s?

A) It generated just 12% of the gross national income.

B) It constituted 28% of the gross domestic product.

C) It was the biggest employer of American workers.

D) It was the most active ctor of American economy.

6. What does the author say is a factor contributing to the decline in traditional craftsmanship?

A) Automation makes it unnecessary to employ too many skilled workers.

B) People can earn more money in fields other than manufacturing.

C) Many people now tend to look down upon working with hands.

D) Young people no longer look upon skill as an important ast.

7. In Ruth Milkman's opinion, many asmbly line workers did home renovation and other skilled work in their off-hours in order to _______.

A) save money

B) relieve boredom

C) regain their dignity

D) improve their living conditions

8. Compared with that in America, the status of craft work in Germany is ______________.

9. According to Ruth Milkman, American craftsmanship, instead of disappearing, is being taken up by _______________.

10. According to Mr. Axelrod of Home Depot, people are trying to ride

by ________________.

参考答案1、c 2、a 3、d 4、a 5、b 6、b 7、c

8. higher

9. immigrants

10. building up skill