The current definition(1)
1.Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the clost natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and condly in terms of style Nida
写秋天景色的作文
2.Catford defines translation as “th e replacement of texual material in one language (SL) by equivalent texual matererial in another language (TL)” (1965:21)
3.A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely transfud into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it
is by tho who speak the language of the original work.--------- Tytler The current definition(2)
•The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) ---------------- Prof. HuangL ong Translatology
•翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息， 它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。 （曹明伦）
•翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来， 以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 （孙致礼）
In summary
--Translation is the information关于祖国 transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families.
- Translation is arendering from one language into another. T ranslation is an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication.
--Translation is a reprentation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
Classification of Translation
a)In terms of languages
•1. Translation from native languages into foreign languages
•2. Translation from foreign languages into native languages
b)In terms of 炎帝是神农吗mode
•1. oral自旋电子学 interpretation
•2. written translation
•3. machine translation
C).SL and TL : Interlingual translation, Intralingual translation, Intermiotic translation
d). In terms of disposal (处理方式)
•1. full-text translation （全文翻译 )
•2. abridged /adapted translation
•（摘译/辑译)
•译写？
Tytler’s
•Essay 桌面壁纸风景on the Principles of Translation, 1790
•A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;
•The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;
•A translation should have all the ea of the original composition.
Yan Fu’s
•Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance
•“Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought;
•“Expressiveness” heartbreakerdemands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confud logic and n;
•“Elegance” refers to the u of classical Chine before the Han Dynasty.
Others’ translation principles (1)
•Lu Xun’s: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi- qiu’s translation principle in 1930s.
•Fu L ei’s : TL should be similar to SL both in For厚此薄彼m and in幸福36计 Spirit.
•Liu Zhongde’s : faithfulness, expressiveness and cloness. faithfulness: tobe faithful tothe content of the original; expres ivenes : tobe as expres ive
