美国文学史整理
一、Colonial America 殖民时期
1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachutts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut.
2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教
American Puritanism stresd predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.
盛老师的地理乐园3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and
honest.
4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩
work：Common Sen (1776) 《常识》
American Crisis (1776-1783) 《美国危机》
The Rights of Man《人权》
The Age of Reason《理性时代》
②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）
Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》
Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
<clarity, good n, and simplicity of the English essayists Joph Addison and Richard Steele>
③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》
<simple and clear, powerful and graceful>
二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期
1、Characteristics：
①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
反对理性主义的客观性。
②Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common n.
感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。
③An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.
强调个人主义，将个人与团体，反对权威。
④Stress on the clo relationship between man and nature.
强调人与自然之间的密切关系。
⑤Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange
疯狂的迷恋，不规则，不定，远程，神秘，奇怪
⑥Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.
对过去有强烈的兴趣，特别是中世纪。
2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.
A deep influence from the American Puritanism.
The “newness”of the Americans as a nation.
3、writers and works:
①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗
A Psalm of Life (1838) 《人生礼赞》
Voices of the Night (1839) 《》
The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 《海华沙之歌》
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 《路边客栈的故事》
②Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文
<Father of American Imaginative literature；Father of the American short story>
A History of New York (1809) 《纽约外史》
The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 《见闻札记》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
“Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
(The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person…..)
Bracebridge Hall (1822) 《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Tales of a Traveller (1824) 《旅客谈》
③James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
<writing on such subjects as the Revolution, the frontier, the a, and the wilderness>
Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》
The Pioneer 《拓荒者》
The Prairie 《大草原》
The Spy 《间谍》
三、New England Transcendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)
1、Over-soul（超灵）~was an all-pervading power goodness, omniprent and omnipotent.(简答)
Individualism individual was the most important
a fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.
2、writers and works:
①Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生
Nature (1836) 《论自然》
<；节选：Standing on the bare ground, —my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space, —all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I e all; the currents of
the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God.>
The American Scholar (1837) 《论美国学者》
异地就医医保报销流程
Divinity School Address (1838) 《神学院演说》
Self-Reliance (1841) 《论自助》
Reprentative Men (1850) 《代表人物》
The Transcendentalist 《超验主义者》
The Over-Soul 《论超灵》
②Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
冰沙怎么做<Lover of nature, environmentalist; Individualism , materialism and industrial civilization> Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854) 《瓦尔登湖；或林中生活》
<；节选Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexplored forests and meadows which surround it. ……We can never have enough of Nature. >
四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期
我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。
1、High Romantics in fiction
2、①Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑
Twice-Told Tales (1837) 《尽人皆知的故事》
Moss from an Old Man (1846) 《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet letter (1850) 《红字》
The Hou of Sever Gables (1851) 《有七个尖角阁的房子》
Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》
Our Old Hou (1863) 《我们的故居》
< symbols and tting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his obrvation is somber.>
②Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick (1851) 《白鲸》(pp113-118)
Pierre (1852) 《皮埃尔》
Typee (1846)《泰比》
Omoo (1847)《奥穆》
Mardi (1849)《玛迪》
2、High Romantics in poetry
①Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦·坡
< the father of modern horror story and detective story. >
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 《怪诞故事集》
“The Raven”(1845) 《乌鸦》
“Annabel Lee ”(1849) 《安娜贝尔·李》
②Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》梦到火灾
花生猪蹄汤
Features in Whitman’s poems：
·Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.
·Thought rhythm：does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.
·
Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but u different words.
·Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.
③Free ver (自由诗)
④Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄金森
Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death
Nature friendship love & marriage Work：I died for beauty
Features：frequent u of dashes（破折号），sporadic capitalization of nouns（零星的名词），convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大胆的隐喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.
五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学
·at the later part of the 19th century.
·
simply fidelity to actuality in its reprentation in literature.
·bad on the accurate of human experiences.
·It insists on preci description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.
·is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.
feature：objective and real
Writers and works:
①Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872) 《结婚旅行》
②Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯
The American (1877) 《一个美国人》
Daisy Miller (1878) 《黛西·密勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇画像》
The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说的艺术”
The Bostonians (1886) 《波士顿人》
The Tragic Mu (1890) 《悲惨的缪斯》
The Wings of Dove (1902) 《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903) 《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904) 《金碗》
六、Regionalism & Local Colorism（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）
·prents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.
·describes the exotic and the picturesque.
·glorifies the past.
·attempts to show things as they are.
·
stress the influence of tting on character.
·Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic
Writers and works:
①Mark Twain 马克·吐温“the Lincoln of literature”
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫儿》
Life on Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
Feature：u Vernacular language. local color
Style：unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.
②Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom’s Cabin （1852）《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
③Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特
The Lost Galleon (1867) 《沉船》
The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 《咆哮营里的幸运儿》
Mrs. Skaggs’s Husbands (1873) 《斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们》
An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 《红狗的女继承人》
七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学
美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于（are controlled）自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素（laws of heredity）与社会环境（environment）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。
·more inclusive and less lective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少·Determinism go
香葱面包verns everything 决定论支配一切
·It daringly opened up the amy underside of society and such topics as divorce, x, adultery, poverty, and crime.
我变成了·It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.
1、writers and works:
①Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
开关矩阵
The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
< the first modern war novel >
