希腊神话是爱琴海地区及其周边地区传说和故事的集合，主要由神的故事和英雄传说等组成。这些神话包括天地的
开辟﹑人类的起源、神的产生﹑
自然现象、习俗由来等。希腊神话长期以来通过口头世代流传，在公元前10世纪左右形成较完整的体系，通过后世文学家的记载和不断的艺术加工，变成文字记载的瑰丽故事流传下来。希腊文化是英美文化、乃至整个西文文化的源头之一，对英美文学产生了极为深远的影响。希腊神话在西方妇孺皆知，已经成为西方文学的常见组成部分，希腊神话为作为文学的素材和灵感的来源丰富了英美文学，不断发展的英美文学又为希腊神话注入了时代内容产生新的活力。
1希腊神话的特点
沟通的方法
神的人格化是古希腊神话的显著的特点，神人同形同性，突出体现了人本主义思想。古希腊人认为神表现为完美的人，神不仅有人的体态和外貌，而且有人的各种感情、各种美德及恶习。古希腊人认为神与人的差别仅在于：神比人更睿智、更俊美、更有力，永生不死。
神人同形。希腊人按照人的外形塑造了神的外形，男性神体态匀称、肌肉强健、相貌英俊；女性神年轻貌美，体态丰腴，楚楚动人。神人同形是古希腊人崇尚人类自我精神的体现，是对人类自身力量与美的肯定，体现了古希腊人对人自身美的追求。
神人同性。虽然神的行为具有超乎常人的能力，但与人一样有七情六欲和喜怒哀乐，富有人情味，具有人的性格、人的情感，甚至与人一起活动，具有强烈的世俗性和人本色彩。神甚至依仗其超自然力，表现得比人更加任性，个性更为鲜明。神与人一样有无法摆脱的命运，会为情所困，会为自己的利益做出有违道德的事。在希腊神话中，希腊人实际上通过神表达了对人类自身智慧与力量的认识、尊敬和热爱，体现了对个体价值的追求。
在希腊神话中，存在许多人类的英雄，他们甚至可以与神抗衡。英雄们肌肉健美、才貌双全、力大勇猛，有不畏艰辛去取得最后的胜利的坚韧精神。英雄的传说说明希腊人认为人处于高于自然和社会的位置上，表现出了人类对自然抗争中的自信和乐观精神，体现了主张个体人对自然和社会征服与改造的强烈个体意识。在英雄的传说中，许多英雄在与命运的抗争中失败了，但他们依然会为荣誉、财富、亲情、爱情而牺牲。由此可见古希腊人重视人的自然性、个体性，重个人权利、荣誉和意志。
保密法心得体会古希腊神话是古希腊人自由意志、自我意识和原始欲望的委婉表达。在希腊神话中，神的形体表现了人的形体，神的
性情表现了人的性情，也就是说，神表现了人自己。希腊神话表现了古希腊人的人本主义思想，这是希腊文明的灵魂。
2文艺复兴时期希腊神话对英美文学的影响
希腊神话对英美文化最重要的影响在于，其体现的人本精神对欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义思潮的影响。文艺复兴时期，希腊神话在包括英国在内的欧洲地区得到了广泛的关注。但文学家们对古典文献的重新学习不是对文化的复古，而是借希腊神话进行文学创作，宣传人文精神、对人的力量的自信，对创新进取精神的推崇。伟大的英国剧作家、诗人莎士比亚（1564－1616）以希腊神话作题材的著名作品有悲剧《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》﹑长诗《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》。《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》是英美文学史上最杰出的爱情叙事诗，以古希腊特洛伊战争的故事为素材，通过特洛亚之战和克瑞西达爱情的故事，反映时代、人性和价值观念的变化。《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》的主角是希腊神话中的爱神维纳斯与猎手阿多尼斯。莎士比亚的其余作品中也有希腊神话人物的名字出现。文艺复兴时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞、邓恩、弥尔顿等人的作品无不具有人文主义的倾向，肯定人性和人的价值，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维，注重个人情感的渲泄。
3文艺复兴后希腊神话对英美文学的影响
自17世纪中叶起又迎来了英美文学的新古典主义时期，一直持续到18世纪末。新古典主义者在创作形式上，强调理性而非感性的表现。雪莱（1792－1822）是这一时期英美文学史的典型代表人物。雪莱是英国著名的抒情诗人之一，是古希腊艺术的崇拜者，他的代表作是诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，借助希腊神话中的英雄普罗米修斯，表达了对真理不屈不挠的执着追求精神。
19世纪后期，工业发展使得人类获得了极大的物质成就，经济繁荣的同时又伴随着社会矛盾的激化。这一时期英美文学是批判现实主义时期，以狄更斯和萨克雷最具代表性。狄更斯（1812－1870）的代表作是《双城记》和《雾都孤儿》，作品中通过引用古希腊神话借古喻今，倡导善良、温情、道德和良知。他的作品大量引用了古希腊神话的故事和典故。
20世纪的英美文学开始关注个人的内心世界，失去了一些理性成分。代表作家有庞德、艾略特、康拉德、乔伊斯、沃尔夫、海明威、厄洛尔、奥尔森等人。艾略特（1888－1965）的诗作《荒原》在艺术上有很高的成就，是现代派的诗作的代表，这首抒情长诗大胆采用了象征嵌套象征、神话嵌套神话、传说和现
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收稿日期：2010-07-25修回日期：2010-08-22
浅谈希腊神话对英美文学的影响
赵静，李莹，袁超
（九江职业大学，江西九江332000）
文化理念
摘要：希腊神话是古希腊人思想与生活的反映，是海洋文明与人本精神的形象体现。希腊神话本身是引人入胜的伟大文学作品，而且它是西方文学的源头之一，对英美文学的发展，特别是文艺复兴以来的发展起到了极大的影响作用。该文探讨了希腊神话的特点，并研究了希腊神话对英美文学的深刻影响。关键词：希腊神话；英美文学；人本主义中图分类号：G623
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1009-5039(2010)09-0241-01
（上接第241页）
实转化、古与今交错的华丽手法，创造性地丰富了诗歌的表现手段，拓展了诗歌的思想内容。美国著名作家庞德（1870－1964）的代表作《诗章》涉及了广泛的内容，包括文学、艺术、经济等方面的内容，多次引用了大量有关古希腊神话传说的典故。英国小说家詹姆斯?乔伊斯（1882－1941）的代表作为《尤利西斯》，题目尤利西斯直接来源于希腊神话中的英雄奥德修斯的罗马名字，结构、角色、情节与《奥德赛》有不同程度的对应，寻求神话与现今世界的默契，具有很强的喻世意义。
4结束语
日日会自文艺复兴以来，希腊神话受到英美文学家的广泛关注，希腊神话中的神、英雄、和典故不时出现在从狗的行为看房子风水
英美文学家的作品中，而且神话故事丰富了文学的内容，激发了英美文学家的灵感，为文学作品增加了深度和趣味。希腊神话故事通俗易懂，在英美几乎尽人皆知，所以希腊神话成为英美文学中不可分割的一部分。
优秀的英美文学作品一般会通过希腊神话故事为作品增添魅力和韵味，那么非英文母语国家的读者在欣赏英美文学作品时，会产生语言和文化障碍。理解和欣赏英美文学，需要深刻地了解希腊神话提高文化素养，这样才能深刻理解英美文学作品。
美人鱼真实存在吗参考文献：
[1]辛珏如.希腊神话对英美文学的科学性影响[J].科技经济市
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[2]张亚萌.浅析中国神话与希腊神话差异[J].魅力中国,2010(6).
plainest character has desires to reproduce,to survive and main-tain the intimacy with Amir,among which the former two are the basic desires while the latter is more complicated.
In modern society,people have to face competition in almost every field,and every individual is exerting himlf for better conditions and better lf-development to fulfill his desires.Be-
hind this exertion and exhaustion are the desire-driven and de-sire-victimed men of the contemporary world.Amir's constant desire to get,to take advantage,to keep himlf on the safe side
is the reason for Hassan's driven-away and indirectly triggered the latter's death.Baba's most natural but immoral xual desire rves his own right finally.They are all driven and victimed by desires and are the epitomes of modern men.
毛概学习心得3.2A Naturalistic Notion and Its Limitation
The Naturalistic concept of man is directly bad on Dar-win's description of lower life.Naturalists,to a very large extent, degrade human to the standard of animal.They view man as a
biological creature driven by desire or instinct who returns to the original status under crisis or pressure,thus lacking reasoning and morality.
The limitation of Naturalism lies in that it views man as im-potent before nature and fate impod on him.Naturalists ac-count any failure or weakness of man as results of un-controlling forces.They deny the social aspects of human-being and over-
emphasize the biological part without recognition of the spiritual one,thus failing to achieve an all-rou
足背动脉搏动nd comprehension of what it really means to be a higher life.What's more,naturalists deny
the subjective initiative of human-being and claim the decisive role of heredity and environment.In accordance with their view, man simply can have no conscious activity to change the envi-
ronment around.Finally,the pessimistic fatalism pervades in Naturalism em to persuade people to resign to the harsh reality without subjective efforts,making the theory and its world view
largely pathic.
3.3Enlightenments
3.3.1Importance of Environments and Pre-existing
In The Kite Runner,provided that Baba has realized the importance of environment,he might have done something to
shape Amir into a less lfish but braver man who is willing to take the responsibility for his past wrongs.And if Amir knows how important the pre-existing is,then he would have not been
so coward.The Ancient Chine regard“weather,climate,topo-graphical advantages and support of the people(天时、地利、人和)”as a great premi for success,this may be another version of interpretation of the importance of environment.The history of human civilization endows us with a pride of having the power and capacity to surpass ourlves and create an ideal world.Pay-
ing due respect to the natural rules,it is possible for us to create a new world centered around our volition.In such a highly com-petitive society,while people attach great importance to the sub-jective initiative,the importance of environment and pre-existing may be of equal importance.
3.3.2Desired But Not Desire-victimed
Naturalism regard human as animal like,driven by desire and instinct,human will lost his social aspects under great pres-sure or crisis.Conquently,there is very likely to be a moral vacuum provided a fatal crisis.The Kite Runner might give us a different plot if Baba had treated his own desire in a correct way, for example he could have remarried and avoid the hard and hu-miliating life of Hassan.And even when Baba's past wrong doing pre-exists,Amir's generosity to share with Hassan and willing-ness to change his image in Baba at his own efforts instead of at the sacrifice of others may still rewrite the novel.In general,if only they had learned how to take charge of their desir
es,maybe a harmonious ending of the novel can be expected.Today,with the rocketing crime rate,it is very difficult to gregate desire from crime since it ems to be no exaggeration that every crime is provoked by a desire.What we can probably learn from The Kite Runner is to have desires but take well charge of them in the moral outline.Of cour,it is no more natural than anyone who posss positive attitude towards life to have desires,yet it is significant for the contemporary to know how to be desired but not desire-victimed so as to avoid a moral vacuum.
4Conclusion
Naturalism as a literary trend contains profound historical and cultural content,which has provoked revolution in western literature.A Naturalistic concept emphasizes the indifference of nature,the decisive role of environment,heredity by degrading human to an impotent creature driven by instinct and desire.In The Kite Runner,the naturalistic tendency is obvious.The plot and ttings,especially the two climactic moments of the novel have strong associations with Naturalism.While we criticize the Naturalism for its being pathos and pessimistic,the enlighten-ments of Naturalism are also of great importance for the contem-porary to make better u of the power of their subjective initiate.
Due to the author's ignorance and superficial experiences, the rearch on the Naturalistic perspecti
ve to the novel is only a tentative study.Conquently,considerable improvements and supports to the conclusion are expected.
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