UNIT-1
dental plaque 牙菌斑
S.sanguis 血链球菌
S.mitis 轻链球菌
S.mutans 变形链球菌
aerobic 好氧的，氧气的；依靠氧气的
anaerobic 没有空气而能生活得，厌氧的
1.In contrast to mucosal surface,the surface of teeth are not constantly renewed by shedding of colonized epithelial cells.
较之粘膜，牙面不能稳定地通过上皮脱落而更新。
2. Selective manner in which bacteria attach to the tooth surface is thought to reflect the fa
ct that bacteria on their surface contain a recognition system which enables components on the bacteria surface (adhesions) to blind to complementary molecules (receptors) in the pellicle.
细菌附着与牙面的选择性方式反映了这一事实，即细菌表面具有识别系统，该系统能使细菌表面的附着器与获得性膜中的互补手提分子结合。
UNIT-2
ecology 生态学；个体生态学
ecosystem 生态系统（学）
mutanism 突变的
S.sanguis 血链球菌
S.mutans 变形链球菌
1.Colonization is a complex process, as it involves not only interaction between bacteria and their environment but aslo bacterial interactions.
定植是一个复杂的过程，它不仅包括细菌和环境间的相互作用，也包括细菌之间的相互作用。
2.Tooth eruption has a major impact on the composition of oral flora.This is to be expected, as teeth provide new types of surfaces and new microenvironments.
牙齿的萌出对口腔菌群组成有重要影响。这是因为牙齿提供了一些新型的表面和新的微环境。 李亚中
UNIT-3
光彩夺目意思saliva 唾液
parotid 耳旁的；腮腺的
lingual 舌的，语言的，舌侧的
buccal 颊的，颊侧的
labial 唇的，唇侧的
palatine 腭的
edentulous 无牙
sulculus 小沟
mastication 咀嚼
chew 嚼，咀嚼
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 颞下颌关节
streptococci 链球菌
fungus (复fungi) 真菌，霉菌
1.The salivary amyla activity of differenr individuals varies but a weak action is compensated for by the strong action of pancreatic amyla in the duodenum.
不同个体间唾液淀粉酶的活性不同，但是较弱的活性可由十二指肠中强活性的胰淀粉酶补偿。
UNIT-4
enamel 釉质
dentinal tubules 牙骨质小管
amelocemental junction 釉牙骨质界
dentine 牙本质
cementum 牙骨质
内存占用高odontoblast 成牙本质细胞
alveolar bone 牙槽骨
alveolar crest 牙槽嵴
junctional epithelium 结合上皮
1.The tooth bud undergoes peripheral proliferartion into the menchyme, leaving a central mennchyme-filled depression, to form the tooth cap which consistants of the same components as the tooth bud.
牙蕾的周边区上皮向外胚间充质中生长，基底部凹陷，状如帽子，凹陷内充满外胚间充质细胞，帽状期上皮与蕾状期相同。
2.Dentine consists of mineralized tissue (chiefly hydroxyapatite) in which microscopic tubules are found extending from the pulp to very clo to, or even through, the amelodentinal junction.
牙本质由矿化组织（以羟基磷灰石为主）构成，镜下见有小管自牙髓贯穿全层到达或穿过釉牙本质界。
UNIT-5
dentine permeability 牙本质渗透性
remineralization再矿化
groove窝沟
slot (固定)沟
undercut retention 倒凹固位
非主流最新图片cariogenic 致龋的
1.Fissure alants, sa an effective way to prevent fissure caries, are supported by many controlled clinical studies and should be ud as a preventive measure in patients with moderate or high caries risk.
许多临床对照研究证明窝沟封闭剂是一种有效的预防沟裂龋的方法，并作为预防性措施应用中度或者高度龋易感性的患者。
UNIT-6
percuss 叩诊，敲
palpate 触诊
lamina dura 硬板麒麟尾
平凡之路吉他谱attrition 磨损
abrasion 磨耗
metamorphosis 变形
pulpitis 牙髓炎
microleakage 微渗漏
pulp polyp 牙髓息肉
matiscation 咀嚼
fistula 瘘管
abscess 脓肿
osteosclerosis 骨硬化
1.Rather,its purpos are to suggest in the broadest possible interpretation whether pulp os either healthy or unhealty and to help the clinical determine whether it should be removed, bad on clinical experience.
更确切地说，提出临床分类的目的是尽可能地解释牙髓是否健康，同时基于临床经验，以帮助医生决定牙髓是否需要摘除。
2.For this reason only complete cleansing, shaping, and obturation of the root canal will eliminiate the source of the periapical dia and create a microenviroment in which the periapical lesion can remineralize.
因此，只有彻底冲洗，预备和充填根管，才会杜绝根尖周疾病的来源，并创造一个能促进根尖周病损再矿化的微环境。
UNIT7
obturate 闭塞
amalgam 汞合金
gutta-percha 牙胶
stopping 充填剂
bleach 漂白
rosin 松香
irritant 刺激的
However , it is only through a cognizant “problem-solving” approach to root canal treatment ,that quality assurance can be continually demonstrated in the obturation of the root canal system.
一个孩子的战争
但是，只有通过认知性的，以解决问题为中心的根管治疗方法才能自始自终地保证根管填充的质量。
UNIT 8
pulpotomy 牙髓切断术
maxillary 上颌骨
mandibular下颌骨
radiolucent 射线透射的
水浒传好句摘抄pulpectomy 牙髓摘除术
dental floss 牙线
periodontium 牙周组织
hypodontia 牙发育不全
dysplasia 发育异常
(1)The specificity of induction reflects the particular combinations of signaling molecules their cognate cell surface receptors , various intracellular signal pathways , and a large number of transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression.
诱导的特异性表现在信号分子、同源性细胞表面受体、各种细胞内信号路径及其调控基因表达的大量转录因子的特殊联合作用上。
(2)In addition to changes in pulp size and shape with aging ,external stimuli also exert an effect . Caries , attrition , abrasion , erosion , impact trauma , and clinical procedure are some of the major irrritants that may cau formation of irritation dentin.
牙髓的体积与形状除了随年龄变化之外，外界的刺激也对它产生影响。龋病，磨损，磨耗，腐蚀，创伤及临床操作是导致刺激性牙本质形成的主要因素。
