英语重点语法
1. Therebe的用法：
一、构成：There be ...句型表示的是 “某处有(存在)某人或某物”，其结构为There be(is，are，was, were )+名词+地点状语。例如：
There are fifty-two students in our class.
There is a pencil in my pencil-ca.
There was an old hou by the river five years ago.
二、各种句式：
否定句：There be句型否定句式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上“not”。也可用“no”来表示。即：no + n.（名词）= not a\an\any + n.（名词）。注意：no + n.（可数名词单数）= not a\an + n.（可数名词单数）；no + n.（可数名词复数）= not any + n.（可数名词复数）；no + n.（不可数名词）= not any + n.（不可数名词）。
一般疑问句：There be结构的一般疑问句变化只需把be动词移到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。(疑问句和否定句中，some改为any, something改为anything.)
特殊疑问句：
There be句型的特殊疑问句有以下三种形式：
① 对主语提问：当主语是人时，用 凉拌菜做法大全“Who’s + 介词短语?”；当主语是物时，用 “What’s + 介词短语?”。其中there在口语中常常省略。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对其提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。
② 对地点状语提问：用 “Where is \ are + 主语?”表示（注意其答语变化）
③ 对数量提问：一般有两种提问方式：
如果主语是可数名词，无论是单数还是复数，都用“How many +可数名词复数+ are there + 介词短语？”如果主语是不可数名词，则用“ How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？”
反意疑问句：There be或There加其它动词，其反意疑问句一律用…there?
三、注意事项：
1. There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词，或是不可数名词，be动词用“is”“was”。
如果句子的主语是复数名词，be动词就如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致，也就是我们常说的 “就近原则”。用“are” “were”
2. There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语 (如和将来时be going to\ will、现在完成时 have\has + pp. 、ud to结构等连用，注意其构成形式
3. There be句型和have\has的区别：
There be句型表示 “存在有”, have\has表示 “拥有” “所有”,两者不能同时使用.
4. There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语
2．现完的用法
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与周杰伦最新歌曲for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lo„„）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
„„„„„„
1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lo,die,ll,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be clod代clo/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lo
c)用“be补气吃什么好＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”清明唐杜牧代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代湖南教师come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
3.将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
1. 将来完成时的基本用法
表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作，由“will [shall]+have+过去分词”构成。如：
When we get there，she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已上班去了。
2. 现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别
高血糖吃什么好
现在完成时以现在时间为参照点，表示在“现在”以前完成的动作或持续到“现在”的状态，过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点，表示在“过去”某一时间以前发生的动作或持续到“过去”某一时间的状态，将来完成时则以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某一时间的状态。
与一般现在时代替一般将来时一样，在表示时间或者条件的状语从句，通常要用现在完成时来表示将来完成时，而不能直接使用将来完成时。
若不强调动作的完成(且不致于引起歧义)，有时也可用一般现在时。
过去完成时用法讲解
1、概述
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当
她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himlf.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。
2、构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(we) I(We) you
You had read it. had not read it Had they read it?
He(She, They) He(She ,They) he
注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。
They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。
We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了30课。
He said we hadn’t en each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没见过面。
3、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。
（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no surpri to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。
He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had en you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have nt it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会
送来的。
（4）表示假设的宾语从句
放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had pasd the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
He asked me whether I had en the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。
She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。
（5）用在 "It was the first/cond/third…time that…”句型中
国外邀请函在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。
（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppo, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事
这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。
（7职业股民）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercis.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。
As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。
