（一）概述之非谓语动词：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund莲花山风景区）；现在分词（the Prent Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
（二）非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
非谓语形式 | 构成 | 特征和作用 |
时态和语态 | 否定式 | 复合结构 |
愿作比翼鸟不定式 | to do to be doing to have done | to be done to have been done | 在非谓语前加not | for sb. to do sth. | 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 |
分词 | 现在分词 | doing having done | being done having been done | | 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 |
过去分词 | done | |
动名词 | doing having done | being done having been done | sb’s doing | 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 |
| | | | | | | |
（三）非谓语动词的句法功能：
句子成分 非谓语 | 主语 | 表语 | 宾语 | 红糖姜水鸡蛋补语 | 定语 | 状语 | 同位语 |
不定式 | | | | | | | |
动名词 | 创一 | | | （极少） | | | |
现在分词 | | | | | | | |
过去分词 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Participate
分词
| 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
现在分词一般式 | doing | Being done |
现在分词完成式 | Having done | Having been done |
过去分词 | | done |
| | |
一． 分词的时态和语态
1.分词的时态。
分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；或一个动作发生后，另一个动作紧接着发生。分词的一般式常在书面语中用作背景的描写。例如：
Walking down the street, I ran into Lily.
Hearing the news, I jumped with joy.
Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow.
Living in the country, we had few social engagements.
分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
Having noted down our names and address, the policeman dismisd us.
Having pasd my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.
I was able to buy my first car, having pasd my driving test.
③分词一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的动作，但在说话人心中，用一般式把2个动作看做是几乎同时发生，用完成式则强调2个动作的先后。例如：
Looking at the door, she went out.
Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well.
2）分词的语态：
①分词一般式的被动语态强调动作正在进行中。例如：
The hou being built will be our office building.
Being surrounded, the rebel troops were forced to surrender.
②分词完成式的被动语态强调先于谓语动词。例如：
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy.
③过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义。例如：
焦作青天河
The concert given by the symphony orchestra was a great success.
They are problems left over by history.
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
二． 分词作定语
1） 分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在背被修饰的名词之前。例如：
The man standing at the window is our teacher.
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
2)现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，或表示某个经常的动作或状态。例如：
The gentleman standing over there is our principal.
A rolling stone gathers no moss. (滚石不生苔；转行不聚财)
3）分词完成式不能做定语。表示发生在位于动词之前的动作，用定语从句。如果是被动结构，直接用过去分词。例如：
The teacher criticized the studet who had broken the window.
The thief who took her bag has been arrested.
The Town Hall completed in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.
现在分词和过去分词作前置定语时的区别
1） 现在分词作前置定语
1 表示正在进行的主动动作。例如：
the rising sun=the sun that is rising 正在升起的太阳
注意下列短语：
a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 boiling water 沸水
a falling star 流行 a waiting crowd 等待的人群
increasing demand 日益增长的需求 lasting peace 永久的和平
2 表示主动但不正在进行。例如：
He is a promising student. 他是一个有前途的学生。
注意下列短语：
remaining days 剩下的岁月 a tiring day 劳累的一天
an embarrassing position 窘境 guiding principle 指导原则
neighboring country 邻国 a walking dictionary 活字典
2) 过去分词作前置定语
①表示被动，且又是有已完成的含义。例如：
The rin sun= the sun that has just rin 初生的太阳
I don’t like to eat fried eggs. 我不喜欢吃煎蛋。
注意下列短语：
Boiled water 开（过的）水 required cours 必修课
Furnished room 有家具的房间 a written report 书面报告
3 表示主动，且有完成的含义（仅限于某些不及物动词的过去分词作定语）。例如：
Where are the escaped prisoners？ 那些逃犯在哪里？
注意下列短语：
departed friends 离去的朋友 an arrived visitor 一位来客
图书馆志愿者服务心得fallen leaves 落叶 an escaped prisoner 一个逃犯
returned students 归国留学生 faded flowers 凋谢的花
retired workers 退休工人 a sunken ship 一艘沉船
4 过去分词用在表示情绪的词语中。 例如：
He gave a satisfied smile. 他给了个满意的微笑
注意下列短语：
a frightened glance 惊恐的扫视
a worried look 愁容
an excited scream 激动的尖叫声
the intended effect 预期的效果
his embarrasd manner 他尴尬的举止
家庭成员的英文a puzzled/ an embarrasd expression 困惑的/尴尬的表情
但是： relaxed/relaxing environment 放松的环境
【考题链接】
1. Don't u words， expressions， or phras _______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
2. The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
3. Mr. Smith， _______ of the _________ speech， started to read a novel.
A. tired； boring B. tiring； bored C. tired； bored D. tiring； boring
4. The Olympic Games， _______ in 776 B.C.，马苏 did not include women players until 1912.
