含而不露的Metaphor(隐喻)
2、含而不露的Metaphor(隐喻)
Metaphor(汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”),也是一种比喻,它不用比喻词,直接把甲事物(喻体)当作乙事物(本体)来描述,其比喻关系隐含在句意中,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是:“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phra ordinarily and primarily ud of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说,隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格,他通常的基本用法是,表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。由于比喻是隐含的,决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。与simile相比较,不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词,有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。基于这种情况,有些词典或著作常常对metaphor和simile同时论述,称之为“浓缩的明喻(a compresd or condend simile)”。如A Dictio
生活短句nary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此,“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”
下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较:
1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)
生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 (明喻)
1b. Life is an isthmus between two eternities. (metaphor)
生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。(隐喻)
2a. Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams. (simile)
幸福像阳光,它由非常细小的光速构成。(明喻)
2b. The sunshine of life is made up of very little beams. (metaphor)
幸福的阳光由非常细小的光速构成。(隐喻)
Metaphor在英语里运用极为广泛、频繁。请看下面几例:
Police work on inner city streets is a domestic Vietnam, a dangerous no-win struggle fought by confud, misdirected and unappreciated troops.
( Gordon Witkin )
市中心贫民区的治安工作是一场国内的越南战争,有一支思想混乱、指挥失灵、无人赏识的部队进行的一场危险的,只输不赢的斗争。
这是一例典型的隐喻。人们对警方的工作(本体)可能了解不深,但在美国人们对越南战争(喻体)则是体会的既具体又痛切。本体,喻体同时出现,通过三个相似点(confud, misdirected,unappreciated),痛陈警察的不平和苦衷,可望引起公众对警察的同情和理解。文中Vietnam指the Vietnam War。
For years her cries of “fish for sale” were in vain. She had no home, no family, no friends — and her life was a basket of unsold fish.
( Humphrey Hawksley )
多年来,她“卖鱼啦”的叫喊声全然白费。她无家可归,无夫无子,无亲无友——她的生活就是一篮没卖出去的鱼。
把卖鱼妇的生活比喻成一篮没有卖出的鱼,激起人们对卖鱼妇的无限同情。
This century…man has started to look into the working of that other univer which is inside himlf ——the human brain.
(Isaac Asimov: What Is Intelligence, Anyway)
本世纪……人类已经开始研究自身内部的的另外一个宇宙的活动了,这另外一个宇宙就是人脑。
作者用隐喻向读者表明:“人脑”就是一个“宇宙”,它奥秘无穷,有待人类进一步研究探索。
While most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somewhat reluctant to give our fellow the warm sunshine of prai.
(Janet Grham: The Profits of Prai)
我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风,不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们的同伴。
此句把太多的批评比喻为“冷风”,把表扬比喻为“温暖的阳光”,本体和喻体的关系由of含蓄表达,都是喻体在前,本体在后。
Benedick: Would you buy her, that you inquire after her?
Claudio: Can the world buy such a jewel?
杂志用英语怎么说 (William Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing)
培尼狄克:您这样问起她,是不是要把她买下来?
克劳狄奥:全世界所有的财富,可以买得到这样一块美玉吗?
这个例子中本体和比喻词都没有,直接由喻体jewel代替本体her(Beatrice)。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested…
(Francisco Bacon:Of Study)
我的小确幸作文一些书浅尝即可,另一些书却要囫囵吞下,只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。
此句的本体是book,喻体无疑应当是food,因为只有食物才能被“浅尝”,“吞下”,或者被“咀嚼”,“消化”。但是作喻体的food一词却没有出现,喻体之意则折射隐含在有关进食的几个动词之中。
Iago: How poor are they that have not patient! What would did ever heal but by degrees?
(William Shakespeare: Othello)
伊阿古:没有耐性的人多么可怜!什么伤口不是慢慢地平复起来的?
Beware of little expens. A small leak will sink a great ship.
( Benjamin Franklin )
当心小笔的费用。小漏不堵也会沉大船。
以上两例不是用词或短语而是用句子进行比喻,前一句为本体,后一句为喻体。
生日祝福语大全简短10个字
1、Metaphor的结构
英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样,它可体现在任何句子成分上,如主语、谓语、表语、定语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组、一个句子,甚至是一个段落。常见的有以下几种结构:
1)用to be 连接本体(the tenor)和喻体(the vehicle),喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。这是metaphor最基本的结构形式。
To me the pageant of asons is a thrilling and unending drama.
(Helen Keller: Three Day to See)
对我来说, 四季的奇丽变幼犹如一出动人心弦永无完结的戏剧。
在这个句子中pageant 是本体, drama 是喻体, 用is 将二者连接起来 。 其结构的核心就是The pageant is a drama. 下面的例句也是如此:
Macbeth:… Out, out, brief candle!
飞天山风景区
Life is but a walking shadow,出尔反尔意思 …
( William Shakespeare: Macbeth )
麦克白:……熄灭了吧,熄灭了吧,短促的烛光!
人生不过是一个行走的影子,……
All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players地是多音字吗.
大千世界是个舞台,所有男男女女不外是个角色。
Money is a bottomless a苦怎么写, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
金钱是无底的海洋,荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。
Habit is a cable; every day we weave thread, and soon we cannot break it.