海运知识（汉英）
海运基础知识
Basic Sea Transport Knowledge
⼀、集装箱种类及规格
Kinds and sizes of container
1.普通集装箱，⼜称⼲货集装箱（dry container / general purpo）
Ordinary container, or dry container
这种集装箱占集装箱总数的70 ~ 80%。
This kind of containers take 70-80% of the total amount
2.冷冻集装箱（reefer container）
分外置和内置式两种。温度可在-28℃ ~ +26℃之间调整。内置式集装箱在运输过程中可随意启动冷冻机，
使集装箱保持指定温度；⽽外置式则必须依靠集装箱专⽤车、船和专⽤堆场、车站上配备的冷冻机来制冷。
T here’re external and internal ttings. The temperature could be adjusted between -28℃-26℃. The internal container could start refrigerator at any time during the transportation to keep the container at designated temperature. The external container must be refrigerated by refrigerator equipped on container carrier, ship, container yard or station.
3.开顶集装箱（open top container）
这种集装箱没有箱顶，装运时⽤防⽔布覆盖顶部。适合于装载体积⾼⼤的物体，如玻璃板。
T here’s no top at this container, water-proof cover shall be ud to cover the top during loading. It’s fit for loading big volume objects, for instance, glass plate.
4.框架集装箱（flat rack container）
没有箱顶和两侧。以运载超重货物为主，还便于装载牲畜，以及免除外包装的裸装货。
T his kind of container doesn’t have top or sides. It’s mainly ud for transport overloaded cargo, also convenient for loading livestock and cargo without package.
解决英语短语
5.罐式集装箱（tank container）
⼜称液体集装箱。其结构是在⼀个⾦属框架内固定上⼀个液罐。
It’s also called liquid container. A liquid tank is fixed inside of a metal framework.
6.挂⾐箱（dress hanger container）
适合于装运服装类商品的集装箱。
It’s fit for transporting garment goods.
集装箱规格
Container sizes
1. 箱体内部尺⼨ Internal dimensions
2. 箱体内容积及载重量 Capacity and Payload
3. 箱门开度尺⼨ Door opening Dimensions
⼀般⼲货集装箱所能装载的货物体积和重量如下：
The volume and weight of common dry container are as the following:
20’GP: 25CBM～28CBM 21000KGS
40’GP: 55CBM～58CBM 24000KGS
40’HC: 65CBM～68CBM 24000KGS
注：各个船公司对集装箱的限重有不同的规定，在订舱前最好先与船公司确认限重。Notice: Different ship companies has different regulation for weight limit for containers, it’s preferred that this be confirmed with ship companies before booking.⼆、集装箱运输条款
Container shipment terms
CY―集装箱堆场（container yard）：集装箱重箱或空箱交接和堆存的场所。
CY (container yard): Delivery and stockpiling place for full containers and empty container.
CFS－集装箱货运站（container freight station）：拼箱货装箱和拆箱的船、货双⽅办理交接的场所。
CFS (container freight station): Place for delivery of less container load, unloaded ships and cargos.
1.CY/CY：是指堆场到堆场⽅式，承运⼈负责从装货港集装箱堆场将货物运⾄卸货港集装箱堆
场交付给收货⼈
CY/CY: the way from container yard to container yard, the forwarder is responsible for delivering the cargo to consignee from loading CY to unloading CY.
2.CY/Fo（free out）：承运⼈在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运⾄卸货港但不负责
卸货
法数
CY/Fo (free out): the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY, but not including unloading.
3.CY/LO (line out)：承运⼈在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运⾄卸货港卸货
CY/LO (line out): the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY and unloading the container.
4.CY/TACKLE：承运⼈在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运⾄卸货港卸货⾄接货车上
CY/TACKLE: the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY and unloading the container to pick-up truck.
5.CY/HOOK：承运⼈在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运⾄卸货港卸货，当吊臂吊下货
物后服务终⽌
CY/HOOK: the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY, the rvice is ended when the crane lifts off the container.
6.DOOR/DOOR(门到门): 由发货⼈货仓或⼯⼚仓库⾄收货⼈的货仓或⼯⼚仓库
银川必去的五大景点
DOOR/DOOR: from the shipper warehou or factory warehou to consignee warehou or consignee factory warehou 7.CY/DOOR（场到门）：由起运地或装箱港的堆场⾄收货⼈的货仓或⼯⼚仓库
CY/DOOR: from loading site or container yard to consignee warehou or consignee factory warehou
8.CY/CFS（场到站）：由起运地或装箱港的堆场⾄⽬的地或卸箱港的集装箱货运站
CY/CFS: from loading site or container yard to destination or unloading container freight station
9.CFS/CFS（站到站）：由起运地或装箱港的集装箱货运站⾄⽬的港或卸箱港的集装箱货运站。
CFS/CFS: from loading site or loading container freight station to destination or unloading container freight station
三、费⽤类型
Cost types
1. 海运费 OCEAN FREIGHT
2. 海运附加费 SURCHARGE
－燃油附加费 BAF / FAF
－货币调节附加费 CAF / YAS
－旺季附加费 PSS
－紧急燃油附加费 EBS
－战争附加费 WRS
－⼀般性涨价 GRI
3. ⼈民币费⽤RMB Charges
整箱出⼝产⽣的⼀般相关费⽤：
Related costs of full container load export:
港杂费（固定费⽤，固定上调前会发统⼀通知）
Port Surcharge (fixed charge, uniform notice will be issued before increa)
场站费（协议场站有协议价）
Station Charges (agreement charge is available for agreement station)
码头操作费（THC）（固定费⽤）
Terminal Handling Charge (fixed charge)
画画作文300字⽂件费：各个船公司收取的⽂件费标准不同，要确认
Document charge: different standards at different ship companies, it needs to be confirmed
潜规则女下属
电放费：各个船公司收取的电放费标准不同，要确认
Telex Relea charge: different standards at different ship companies, needs confirmation小班保育笔记
报关费
Customs declaration charge
商检换证费
Commodity inspection certificate change charge
装箱费：视货物实际情况来定
Loading Charge: according to actual cargo situation
陆运费：根据公⾥数，货物重量箱型来定
Trucking Charge: according to mileage, cargo weight and kind of container
四、货运单证
Transportation Documents
⼀）为了保证进出⼝货物的安全交接，在整个运输过程中需要编制各种单据。这些单证各有其特定的⽤途，彼此之间⼜有相互依存的关系。它们既把船、港、货各⽅联系在⼀起，⼜能分清各⾃的权利和义务。
In order to insure the safe delivery of import/export cargo, all kinds of documents are made during th
e transportation. There’re different documents for different purpo, while interdependent with each other. They not only link ship, port and cargo together, but also parate rights and obligations.
按实际业务程序介绍⼀些主要的货运单证。
Documents according to actual business procedure:
1.托运单（BOOKING FORM）也叫委托书俗称"下货纸"，是托运⼈根据贸易合同和信⽤证条款内容填制的，向承运⼈或其代理办理货物托运的单证。承运⼈根据托运单内容，并结合船舶的航线、挂靠港、船期和舱位等条件考虑，认为合适后，即接受托运。
Booking form is filled by shipper according to sales contract and L/C terms to forwarder or delegate for handling the cargo. The forwarder accepts the booking according to the contents of the booking form, booking line, port of call, shipping date and shipping space.
心之所属
2. 装货单（SHIPPING ORDER）也就是出号或是⼊货通知是接受了托运⼈提出装运申请的船公司，签发给托运⼈，凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据。装货单既可⽤作装船依据，⼜是货主凭以向海关办理出⼝货物申报⼿续的主要单据之⼀，所以装货单⼜称“关单"，对托运⼈⽽⾔，装货单是办妥货物托运的证明。对船公司或其代理⽽⾔，装货单是通知船⽅接受装运该批货物的指⽰⽂件。
Shipping order is receiving notice, is document given to the shipper, that orders the captain of the ship to load container on the ship after receiving booking application by the ship company. Shipping order could not only be the proof for loading, but also the main formality for shipper to declare customs, so the shipping order is also called ‘customs order’, for shipper, it’s certificate for finishing cargo loading. For ship company or it’s forwarder, shipping order is instruction to ship company to accept cargo shipping.
3.海运提单（BILL OF LADING）提单是⼀种货物所有权凭证。提单持有⼈可据以提取货物，也可凭此向银⾏押汇，还可在载货船舶到达⽬的港交货之前进⾏转让。
Bill of lading (B/L) is document of title to the cargo. The holder of the B/L can withdraw the cargo and do documentary credit at the bank, and reassign it before the cargo reaches port for delivery.
4.舱单（MANIFEST）是按照货港逐票罗列全船载运货物的汇总清单。它是在货物装船完毕之后，由船公司根据收货单或提单编制的。其主要内容包括货物详细情况，装卸港、提单号、船名、托运⼈和收货⼈姓名、标记号码等，此单作为船舶运载所列货物的证明。
Manifest is summarized bill of all cargo carried by the ship according to list by list t out by the cargo port. The main content includes specific cargo information, loading and unloading ports, B/L n
umber, vesl name, shipper and consignee name and label number, this document is proof of cargos listed on the ship.
5.货物积载图（CARGO PLAN）是按货物实际装舱情况编制的舱图。它是船⽅进⾏货物运输、保管和卸货⼯作的参考资料，也是卸港据以理货、安排泊位、货物进舱的⽂件Cargo Plan is shipping space map according to actual loading status. It’s reference data for ship owner to handle cargo transportation, storage and unloading, which is also document for unloading port to do cargo handling, berth arrangement and entrance of cargo into the cabin.
6.提货单（DELIVERY ORDER）收货⼈凭正本提单或副本提单随同有效的担保向承运⼈或其代理⼈换取的、可向港⼝装卸部门提取货物的凭证。
Delivery order is the evidence exchanged by the consignee with original bill of lading or assurance of B/L copy for
withdrawal of cargo at port terminal.
⼆）海运提单的概念、内容、种类及签发
Concept, Content, Kinds and Assignment of the Sea B/L
1.提单的概念
Concept of the B/L
提单是承运⼈在接运货物后发给托运⼈的⼀种单证。它是货物收据，代表货物的物权凭证，是双⽅运输合同的凭证，可以进⾏买卖。
B/L is a document nt by the forwarder to the shipper after receiving the cargo. It is receipt of the cargo, reprents the property certificate of the cargo and the evidence of transportation between the two sides, which can be transacted.
2.提单的内容
Contents of the B/L
建筑类大学排名提单的内容有正反两⾯，正⾯的内容包括船名、装运港、⽬的港、托运⼈名称、收货⼈名称、货物名称、标志、包装、件数、重量或体积、运费、提单正本份数、提单签发⽇期、承运⼈或船长签字等；提单的反⾯是具体运输条款，有关承运⼈与托运⼈的责任、索赔与诉讼等问题均有详细的规定。货物装船完毕后，承运⼈⾸先落实运费，然后签发已装船提单给发货⼈。提单是海运业务中最重要的⼀种单证。托运⼈取得提单后，⽴即前往所在地外汇银⾏办理议付结汇⼿续，银⾏收到托运⼈提交的提单
及有关单据，经审查⽆误后，⽴即将提单及其它单据寄往进⼝⽅当地开⽴信⽤证的银⾏。国外当地银⾏收到单据，经审核⽆误后，即将货款划拨到中国外汇银⾏在其国外银⾏的帐户上，中国外汇银⾏即收取货款，然后银⾏再将货款划归到国内出⼝⽅的帐户上。由此可见，出⼝⽅在与承运⼈或其代理⼈确认提单时应慎重，要做到"单单⼀致、单证相符"，否则，⼀旦提单签发后再更改，会影响出⼝⽅及时结汇。
The B/L has both sides, the right side contains the vesl name, port of loading, port of destination, shipper name, consignee name, cargo name, label, package, number of packages, weight or volume, a freight, number of original B/L, B/L issuing date, forwarder or ship captain signature and so on, the other side of the B/L contains regulation for transportation terms, obligation, compensation claim and lawsuit issues between the shipper and forwarder. After ship loading, forwarder shall confirm a freight and then relea B/L to the shipper. B/L is the most important document in a transportation. After getting the B/L, shipper should do negotiated ttlement of exchange procedure at local bank, after bank inspection, the bank shall mail the documents to the bank which opened the L/C for the consignee. After inspection of the documents, the receiving bank shall wire the payment to bank account of exporter. It can be en that exporter shall make sure the documents in compliance with L/C terms when confirming B/L with forwarder, otherwi, if the B/L needs to change after issuing, it will interfere with the ttlement of exchange.
3.提单的种类
Kinds of B/L
（1）按提单签发⼈的不同，分为分单（Hou B/L）和主单（Master B/L）
分单是指货代公司给委托⼈签发的⾃⼰的提单，主单是指负责承运此票货物的承运⼈签发的提单。
According to different issuer of B/L, there’re Hou B/L (HBL) and Master B/L (MBL).（2）按对货物外表状况有⽆不良批注，分为清洁提单和不清洁提单。
According to existence or non-existence of bad notation, there’re clean B/L and unclean B/L.
（3）按不同运输⽅式，分为直达提单和转船提单。
According to different ways of transportation, there’re direct shipment B/L and transshipment B/L.
五、付费⽅式
Way of Payment
1.海运费预付 PP (FREIGHT PREPAID) 即指海运费由发货⼈在起运港⽀付。
PP (Freight Prepaid) means a freight is paid by shipper at the port of loading.
2.海运费到付 CC (FREIGHT COLLECT) 即指海运费由收货⼈在⽬的港⽀付。
CC (Freight Collect) means a freight is paid by consignee at port of destination.
