全家福怎么画公共汽车上Chapter 1
4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?
Answer：No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noi of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less remblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chon to mean the noi while "murderous" is chon to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.
6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?
Answer：Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units ca
nnot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the condary level like animals’ calls.
Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop
10. What do you think of Bertrand Rusll’s obrvation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themlves and with human beings?
Answer：When gazelles n potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the hou by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.
13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?
(A) It is I.
(B) It is me.
You should say A instead of B becau “be” should be followed by the nominative ca, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.
Answer：
(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.
(2) Whom is ud in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.
(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This ntence is not acceptable in Standard English not becau it is illogical, but becau language changes and rejects this usage now.
17. The following are some well-known ambiguous ntences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?
The chicken is too hot to eat.
Flying planes can be dangerous.
Answer：
The chicken is too hot to eat.
The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.
The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some inten aerobic exercis) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.
Flying planes can be dangerous.
The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes".
革命根据地21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.
Answer：In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.
Chapter 2
2、Give the description of the following sound gments in English.
Answer：老马伏骥
棕色的熊ʃ——voiceless postalveolar fricative
ð——voiced dental fricative
ŋ——velar nasal
d——voiced alveolar stop/plosive
p——voiceless bilabial stop/plosive
k——voiceless velar stop/plosive
l——lateral
i——high front unrounded lax vowel
u: p—— high back rounded ten vowel
ɔ——low back rounded lax vowel
3、Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.
Answer：
Voiceless labiodental fricative——f
公务员职业Voiced postalveolar fricative——ʒ
Palatal approximant ——j
Voiceless glottal fricative——h珍珠是怎么形成的
Voiceless alveolar stop——t
High-mid front unrounded vowel——e
High central rounded vowel——u
Low front rounded vowel——ð
Low-mid back rounded vowel——ɔ
High back rounded ten vowel——u:
5、Discuss the following questions.To what extent is phonology related too phonetics and how do they differ?
Answer：Both phonetics and phonology study human sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.
Chapter 3
10、Classfy the following words as loanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)or loan translation(LT).
Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,tea LB:booby trap,coconut,Chinatown
