血液循环 (Blood circulation)
心动周期Cardiac cycle ：The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is compod of two periods: systole and diastole..
心指数Cardiac index：Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.
心输出量Cardiac output： The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.
中心静脉压Central venous pressure ：The venous pressure is measured at the right atrium.
舒张压Diastolic pressure： Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.
水肿Edema： Edema refers to the prence of excess fluid in body tissues.
有效不应期Effective refractory period（ERP）：The duration from the beginning of pha 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero. 6
射血分数Ejection fraction：The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).
平均动脉压Mean arterial blood pressure ：The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.
脉搏压Pul pressure： The pul pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
心脏Starling’s定律：The law defining the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic fiber length (preload) and stroke volume.
每搏输出量Stroke volume： Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.
搏功Stroke work： The amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each hea
rt beat while pumping blood into arteries.
收缩压Systole pressure ：The pressure ris during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adulte is 100~120mmHg.
呼吸 (Respiration)
肺泡无效腔Alveolar dead space：Occasionally, some of the alveoli themlves are nonfunctional or only partially functional becau of abnt or poor blood flow through adjacent pulmonary capillaries.
解剖无效腔Anatomic dead space：The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vesls, such as in the no, pharynx, and trachea since the area is not uful for gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.
顺应性Compliance：Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a
property that reflects the prence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (V/P), the reciprocal of the compliance.△△
用力呼气量Forced expiration volume：The fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) expired during the first cond of a forced expiration.
功能余气量Functional residual capacity：It equals to the expiratory rerve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).
黑－伯反射Hering-Breuer reflex：The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increa in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrea in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung.
补吸气量Inspiratory rerve volume：The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.
胸内压Intrapleural pressure ：The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.It is always lower than the atmoaphere pressure in physiological condition.
肺内压Intrapulmonary pressure：The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intraalveolar pressure.
每分通气量Minute ventilation volume： The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.
氧容量Oxygen capacity： The oxygen capacity is ud to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin when fully saturated with O2, it therefore depends on the individual's hemoglobin concentration.
氧含量Oxygen content ：The oxygen content is ud to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.
分压Partial pressure ：The pressure of the individual gas in a mixed gas is called partial pressure.
外周化学感受器Peripheral chemoreceptor：Peripheral chemoreceptor is located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for
detecting changes in O2, CO2 and H＋ concentration in blood.
呼吸调整中枢Pneumotaxic center：A center in the reticular formation of the pons that regulates the activities of the apneustic and respiratory rhythmicity centers to adjust the pace of respiration, which involves in controlling the rate and pattern of breathing.
肺扩散容量Pulmonary diffusing capacity：The volume of a gas that diffus through the membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, which is generally ud as a quantitative terms in describing the ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood.
呼吸中枢Respiratory centers ：Specific areas of the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group of neurons, pre-Botzinger complex and pons. They are believed to be concerned with respiration and are classically been called the respiratory centers.then a short pau in the expiratory position.
表面活性物质Surfactant ：A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-creting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.
能量代谢 (Energy metabolism)
基础代谢率Basal metabolic rate ：The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determinedunder basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room, a comfortable temperature (200C~250C) and 12~14 hours after the last meal as well.
传导Conduction：Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with one another.
对流Convection：Convection is the loss of heat occurs from the body surface to the air.能量代谢Energy metabolism ：The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.
蒸发Evaporation ：Evaporation is the water molecules absorb heat from their environment and become energetic enough to escape as gas.
不感蒸发Innsible perspiration ：Even when a person is not sweating, water still evaporates innsibly from the skin and lung, this is called innsible perspiration which c
aus continual heat loss at a lower rate.
辐射Radiation：A process by which heat is transferred from a warmer surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic (typically, infrared) waves.
食物的特殊动力效应Specific dynamic effect of food ：After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increas as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food.
醛固酮Aldosteron：Aldosteron is a sodium-retaining hormone of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increas sodium reabsouption and potassium excretion at the same time by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.
抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone：A product of neurohypohysis which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conrvation of body water.
皮质肾单位Cortical nephron：The nephrons have their glomeruli located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.
汉堡广告有效滤过压Effective filtration pressure ：The effective filtration pressure of glomerulus reprents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppo filtration across the glomerular capillaries.
球管平衡Glomerulo-tubular balance： One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increa their reabsorption rate in respon to incread tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerulo-tubular balance.
肾小球滤过分数Glomerular filtration fraction ：The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that pass through both kidneys.
肾小球滤过膜Glomerular filtration membrane ：The barrier between the capillary blood and the fluid inside the Bowmen's capsule is called glomerular filtration membrane.
肾小球滤过率Glomerular filtration rate： The minute volume of plasma filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys is called the glomerular filtration rate.
近球小体Juxtaglomerular apparatus：The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa and the extraglomerular mesangiual cell.
近球细胞Juxtaglomerular cells：The juxtaglomerular cells are specialized myoepithelial cells in the media of afferent arteriole clo to the glomerulus.
近髓肾单位Juxtamedullary nephron ：The nephrons have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that are deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephron.
粤系致密斑Macula densa： At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short gment which is actually a plaque in its wall, known as the macula densa. The macula densa plays an important role in controlling nephron function.黑眼圈怎么形成的
肾单位Nephron：Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.
渗透性利尿Osmotic diuresis: An increa in urine flow due to increa of an osmotically active solute in tubular fluid.
肾糖阈Renal gluco threshold ：When the plasma gluco concentration increas up t
o a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, gluco can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal gluco threshold.
简笔画小草肾小管重吸收Tubular reabsorption：Tubular reabsorption denotes the transport of substances from the tubular fluid through the tubular epithelium into peritubular capillary blood.
直小血管Vasa recto：In the juxtamedullary nephrons the efferent arterioles also supply the long venous loops－the vasa recta－that pass deep into the medulla.
水利尿Water diuresis：The volume of urine increas when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH cretion.
神经系统 （Nervous system）
自主神经系统Autonomic nervous system：The autonomic nervous system compris all the efferent pathways from controlling centers in the brain and spinal cord to effector（visceral） organs other than skeletal muscle.
化学性突触Chemical synap：At the major junction of chemical synaps the arrival of
activity in the presynaptic region is followed by the relea of chemical transmitters which diffu across the synaptic cleft. Transmitters interact transiently with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and produce a change in membrane conductance and conquently membrane potential.
胆碱能神经元Cholinergic neuron：A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.
去大脑僵直Decerebrate rigidity ：When the brain stem is ctioned below the midlevel of the mencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.
传出神经Efferent nerve： A nerve which carries impuls out of the central nervous system is called efferent nerve.白水煮肉
兴奋性突触后电位Excitatory postsynaptic potential，EPSP：The excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to relea of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane clor to threshold and makes it
more likely that an action potential will be triggered.
抑制性突触后电位Inhibitory postsynaptic potential，IPSP：A hyperpolarizing potential at a synap that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.
梭内肌Intraspindle muscle ：The muscle spindle is built around 3 to 12 very small intraspindle muscle fibers that are pointed at their ends and attached to the glycocalyx of the surrounding large extrafusal skeletal muscle (梭外肌) fibers. The intraspindle muscles function as a nsory receptor.
记忆Memory：Memory is the ability to recall past events at the conscious or unconscious level.
运动神经元Motor neuron：There are two class of motor neurons-large diameter (up to 70 mm) α cells with axons of 12~20mm in diameter that innervate skeletal extrafusal fibers in skeletal muscle and small γ cells with axons of 1~8mm in diameter that innervate the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindles.
运动单位Motor unit： A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.
神经胶质细胞Neuroglial cell：Neuroglial cells support and gregate groups of neurons and may have additional nutritive functions.
神经元Neuron：Neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of soma (cell body), dendrite, axon and synaptic terminal.
神经递质Neurotransmitter：Substances relead from nerve cells at synaps and presumed to mediate normal chemical transmission.
伤害感受器Nociceptor：A receptor specialized to fire in respon to injurious or noxious stimuli
朗飞结Node of Ranvier：The regularly spaced constrictions along a myelin sheath to which the action potentials are restricted during nervous conduction.
非特异性投射系统Nonspecific projection system：Diffu projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.
疼痛Pain：Pain can be described as the nsation resulting from stimuli which are intens
e enough to threaten or to cau tissue injury.
外周神经系统Peripheral nervous system： The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain, it compris both the somatic and the autonomic divisions.
突触后抑制Postsynaptic inhibition：The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to be excited.
突触后电位Postsynaptic potential：The special form of subthreshold potential change occurring across the synaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron when an impul arrives in the presynaptic fiber, e EPSP, IPSP.
突触前抑制Presynaptic inhibition：A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob by the structure of g
ap junction.
牵涉痛Referred pain ：Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness in some skin region sharing the same gmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.矢口否认
反射Reflex：An action carried out without voluntary control, in which a relatively fixed output pattern is produced in respon to a simple input.
反射弧Reflex arc：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of intergrated neural activity, consisting of n organ, afferent and efferent nerves, reflex center and effector.
网状结构上行激动系统Reticular ascending activating system，RAAS ：Most of the various nsory pathways relay via collaterals to the reticular activating system in the brain stem reticular formation. Activity in this system produces the conscious alert state that makes perception possible.
特异性投射系统Specific projection system ：The specific nsory projection system us relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.
脊休克Spinal shock： Complete tranction of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of nsation in all body regions innervated by spind cord gments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.
牵张反射Stretch reflex ：When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.
旋转总和Summation ：The addition of parate respons that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.
突触Synap：The site of cell-to-cell comunication between neurons.
突触延搁Synaptic delay：Elapd time between arrival of a presynaptic impul at a junction and the first sign of postsynaptic respon.
传递transmission：The passage of excitation or inhibition cross synaps; distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synaps.
非条件反射Unconditioned reflex：A fixed reflex who mechanism may be suppod to b
e inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.
内分泌 （Endocrinology）
肢端肥大症Acromegaly：A condition caud by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.
醛固酮Aldosterone：A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conrvation and the cretion of potassium at the kidneys, creted in respon to the prence of angiotensin II.
抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone，ADH：A hormone is produced by hypothalamas cell and creted by neurohypohysis. It promotes the conrvation of body water at the kidney.
皮质醇Cortisol：One of the major corticosteroids creted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, which has multiple metabolic function for control of the m
etabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
克汀病（呆小症）Cretinism：Cretinism is caud by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.
侏儒症Dwarfism ：A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.
内分泌系统Endocrine system：The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical mesngers (hormones) carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions, such as maintenance of the internal environment, control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment, regulation of growth, development and reproduction, and the body's respons to environmental stimuli.
胰高血糖素Glucagon：A large polypeptide hormone creted by the A（alpha） cells of the islets of Langerhans, especially when the blood gluco concentration falls. Glucagon increas blood gluco level which oppos to effects of insulin.. It acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
糖皮质激素Glucocorticoids：A group of hormones creted by the adrenal cortex that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are important in mediating the respon of the body to fasting and stress. At least 95% of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenocortical cretions results from the cretion of cortisol.
生长素Growth hormone： An anterior pituitary hormone that caus growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and enhances the body protein, us up the fat stores and conrves carbohydrate.
激素Hormone：A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and creted by a specific endocrine cell . It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations and elicits a specific respon in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.
垂体门脉系统Hypophyal portal system：The network of vesls that carry blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the adenohypophysis.
胰岛素Insulin：A hormone creted by the B（beta）cells of the pancreatic islets; caus a reduction in plasma gluco concentrations. Insulin lowers blood gluco mainl
y by facilitating gluco uptake in muscle and adipo tissue and by inhibiting hepatic gluco output.
神经垂体Neurohypophysis：The posterior pituitary, or pars nervosa, mainly cretes two peptide hormones, antidiuretic hormone（or called vasopressin） and oxytocin.
含氮激素Nitrogenous hormones：Nitrogenous hormones may be classified into two families: One of the derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, e.g. thyroxine and adrenaline, the other is the proteins or peptides, e.g. growth hormone, insulin and antidiuretic hormone.
物业服务内容
去甲肾上腺素Norepinephrine：A catecholamine neurotransmitter relead at most sympathetic neuroterminal and at certain synaps inside the central nervous system, also called norepinephrine.
旁分泌Paracrine：Some cells relea hormones which diffu into surrounding regions, and act locally.
允许作用Permissive action：A hormone which has no effect per but is in necessary for
the full expression of the effects of other hormone.
垂体Pituitary gland： An endocrine organ situated in the lla trucica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum includes the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) and the anterior pituitary (pars intermedia and pars distalis).
第二信使学说Second mesnger hypothesis ：Peptide hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane and activate a membrane-bound enzyme, via a G-protein, that stimulates the production of an intracellular mesnger. This theory is called cond mesnger hypothesis.
甲状腺激素Thyroid hormone，TH：The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increa the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.
促激素Trophic hormone：Hormones stimulate cretion of hormonally active substances by other endocrine glands or the liver and other tissues.
