Hippie Movement
Abstract
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The hippie movement was a youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the mid-1960s and gradually gained popularity all over the world. The term “hippie” is derived from the word “hipster”. Hippies shared common values an d ideas: they supported pacifism and peaceable behavior, life in harmony with nature. The followers of the hippie movement created their own communities, listened to the psychedelic rock and promoted the xual revolution; they ud hard drugs in order to “explore other forms of consciousness”. Despite the popularity of the movement has somewhat diminished, it has left significant imprint in the life of the society and history of culture. This paper provides historical review of the hippie movement from its origin to the modern days.
O RIGINS OF THE H IPPIE M OVEMENT
An article in the 1967 Time magazine argued that the origin of the hippie movement can be dated back to the counterculture witnesd in Ancient Greece and was supported by Diogenes of Sinope and cynics. The article further asrted that the hippie movement was hugely influenced by the philosophies of such people as Jesus Christ, Buddha, Henry David Thoreau, Hillel the Elder, St. Franci搞笑的文案
s of Assisi, Gandhi and others (Staller, 2006).
B etween 1896 and 1908, during the “f in de siècle” epoch, the youths from Germany started a movement that was commonly referred to as Der Wandervogel; it emerged as a form of cultural opposition and gave birth to various social and cultural clubs. The movement popularized German folk music; to differente itlf from the mainstream culture, it emphasized amateur singing, communal outings, creative dressing, camping and hiking. The ideology of this movement was largely influenced by works of outstanding German thinkers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hes and Johann Goethe. The movement involved young Germans who oppod to intensifying urbanization, demonstrated willingness to be pagans and also followed the “back to nature” spirit that was very popular with their ancestors (MacFarlane, 2007).
During the first decades of the 20th century, the movement became well-known in the United States, as many Germans ttled in the country. Particularly, German immigrants opened health food shops and advanced their views. It is important to note that many Germans moved to California, which explains the fact that the first hippie movement takes its origin in San Francisco. The warm climate of California was favorable for maintaining the lifestyle chon by Germans, and local youngsters
demonstrated strong interest towards it. A notable group known as the Nature Boys went to the dert in California and practiced the “back to nature” lifestyle. Being inspired by this period, a member of the Nature Boys, Eden Ahbez, wrote a song titled Nature Boy which was relead in 1947 by Nat King Cole and had a great significance for popularization of the “back to nature” movement among the whole society of the USA (Staller, 2006). Some members of the Nature Boys group traveled to the North California to participate in the 1967 Summer of Love (Partridge, 1973).
H IPPIE M OVEMENT AND S IGNIFICANT E VENTS
At the beginning of 1967, a festival known as the Summer of Love was organized in San Francisco, at the Human Be-In located at the Golden Gate Park. This festival was deemed to popularize the new hippie culture on the West Coast of the USA. Another famous music event known as the Woodstock Festival 1969 contributed to popularity of the hippie culture on the East Coast. Very soon, hippie fests overstepped the boundaries of the USA and become widespread in different countries of the world. One of the remarkable events was formation of the La Onda Chicana by hippies of Mexico at the festival held at Avandaro. Nomadic hou truckers in New Zealand who started practicing the new lifestyle promoted the u of sustainable energy at the festival held in Nambasa (MacFarlane, 2007).
The revolutionary movement even embraced the aristocratic United Kingdom where New Age Travelers were engaged in mobile peace convoys and made summer pilgrimages to free music shows held in Stonehenge. In Australia, the movement was marked by hippie gathering at the Aquarius Festival held at Nimbin in 1973 where
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young people participated in the Cannabis Law Reform Rally which was held every year. In Chile, hippies attended the Festival Piedra Roja which was organized on the tide of the success of the Woodstock festival (Partridge, 1973).
T he hippie movement had a strong impact on youngsters’ values, fashion and culture; the elements of hippie aesthetics can be noticed in popular music, cinema, television, arts and literature of the 1960s-70s. The hippie style overstepped the borders of the underground and was assimilated by the mainstream culture. People who were not involved in any subculture began to adopt elements of hippie philosophy and lifestyle: studying Eastern philosophy, eating healthy food, protecting the environment, attending music festivals.
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E THOS AND A ESTHETICS O
F THE H IPPIE M OVEMENT
The hippie movement involved people who aspired to liberate themlves from the restrictions impod by the society. Hippies were strongly inspired by ideas of their movement and believed they were able to change the world; therefore, they decided to begin with bringing changes into their own lives. Hippie youngsters were eager to break stiff social rules and prejudices and to feel that they were the masters of their lives. They even manifested their rebel spirit through their appearance: everyone could recognize hippies due to their long hair, outfits with bright prints and numerous bracelets. Hippies’ appearance helped them declare their disagreement with the social conformism and challenge tho who were “hopelessly” captured by social norms being not able to manifest their individuality (MacFarlane, 2007); therefore, it is reasonable to discuss hippies’ dressing code in detail in order to better understand their ideology.
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Like in the ca of the beat movement which preceded the hippies and the punks, the elements of hippie aesthetics were greatly borrowed from primitive cultures. The hippie fashion had the outlook of vagrant and disorderly style. Similarly to other underground movements supported by white middle class youngsters, the hippie trend was also considered deviant. Feeling the power to distinguish themlves from the rest of the society, hippies challenged various norms including gender differences, and this can be noticed due to the fact that the hippies – both male and female –
wore jeans and had long hair. They also wore sandals or walked barefooted. The men had beards while women did not wear any make up and ignored bras (Partridge, 1973).水培
T he hippies preferred wearing brightly-colored clothes; they adopted a strange dressing code that included bellbottom trours, tie-dyed garments, vests, dashikis and peasant blous. Females enjoyed wearing long skirts and low-heeled shoes. Generally, hippies wore clothes that reflected their indignation with Western consumerism; they borrowed dressing trends from Asian, African, Latin American, Indian, and Native American cultures (Staller, 2006).
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T hus, hippies made an attempt to resist to the influence of the corporate world on their dressing style and way of life; they mostly purchad their dressings from flea markets and cond hand shops. The most popular accessories for both xes were jewelry from the Native Americans, headbands, head scarves and necklaces with long beads. Handmade elements of hippie s’ outfits also symbolized their rejection of consumerist trends that poisoned the Western world. Psychedelic art was very popular with hippies: they decorated cars, homes and other belongings using this style (MacFarlane, 2007).
A t the same time, hippies did not support the idea that one’s dressing code can identify one's perso
梦见和老公亲热nality, especially after criminals like Charles Manson adopted the hippie lifestyle and dressing code. However, this also happened due to the fact that policemen started wearing hippie style in an attempt to harass hippies who were considered to be legitimate members of the movement. Regarding this situation, Frank Zappa said to his audience that everybody wears uniform including both the Wavy Gravy hippie clown and a corporate man dresd in his suit just in order to survive in his environment (Staller, 2006).
L EGACY OF THE H IPPIE M OVEMENT
Even today, the hippie movement permeates the modern Western society. Generally, many Western unmarried couples enjoy living an independent life and travelling together; surprisingly, the society does not condemn this behavior, as it does not em shocking and provocative any more. The hippie movement also revolutionalized the society’s xual code, and today people of different xual orientations including tho bixual, homoxuals and transxual feel free to express their feelings without restrictions and misunderstanding. Religion and culture diversified as well, and this is now accepted by the society. Small healthy food shops are now flourishing; satisfying the society needs in high-quality products, they are gaining big popularity with people from different social groups. To sum up, the anti-authoritarian spirit of the hippie movement brought the life-giving portion
of independence, tolerance and environmental consciousness to the Western society inspiring its members to express their individuality and respect tho who in a certain way differ from them.
