Unit 7
Globalization
Globalization or globalisation is an umbrella term for a complex ries of economic, social,technological,cultural and political changes en as increasing interdependence , integrations n and interaction between people and companies in disparate locations.As a term“好看的qq动漫头像globalization”has ud as early as 1944 but economists began applying it around 1981.Theodore Levitt is usually credited with its coining through the article he wrote in1983 for the Harvard Business Review entitled “Globalization of Markets” The more encompassing phenomenon has been perceived in the context of sociological study on a worldwide scale.
The term “globalization” os ud to refer to the collective changes as a process , or el as the cau of turbulent change . The district us include:
Economically and socially positive:As an engine of commerce; one which brings an increas
ed standard of living —prosperity to developing countries and further wealth to First World countries. This view claims that economic prosperity brings about social prosperity.
Economically ,socially,and ecologically negative: As an engine of “corporate imperialism”; one which tramples over the human rights of developing societies ,claims to bring prosperity, yet often simply amounts to plundering and profiteering.Negative effects include cultural assimilation via cultural imperialism, the export of artificial wants , and the destruction or inhibition of authentic local and global community,ecology and cultures.
留守儿童帮扶措施>梦见老朋友A typical—but restrictive—definition can be taken from the International Monetary Fund , which stress the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border translation in goods and rvices, free international capital flows,and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology . That definition is more narrowly talent economic globalization, and most others appear to agree that globalization is a more extensive civilization concept with diver economic ,political cultural , and technological aspects that may be cloly intertwined.
Liberalization in the 29th century is often called “The First of Globalization”.Bad on the Pax Britannica and the exchange of goods in currencies pegged to specie, this era grew along with industrialization. The theoretical basis was David Richard’s work on competitive advantage and Say’s Law of General equilibrium .In esnce, it was argued that nations would trade effectively , and that any temporary disruptions in supply or demand would correct themlves automatically.The institution of the gold standard came in stepped in major industrialized nations were truly on the gold standard is contentiously debated.
学前教育实习报告The “First Era of Globalization” is said to have broken down in stages beginning with the first World War , and then collapsing with the crisis of the gold standard in the late 1920s and early 1930s .Counties that engaged in that era of globalization , including the European core , some of the European periphery and various European offshoots in the Anericas and Oceania, prospered. In equality between tho states fell, as goods , capital and labor flowed remarkably freely between nations.
Globalization in the era since World War II has been driven by trade negotiation rounds , originally under the auspices of GATT , which led to a ries of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade . The Uruguay round (1984to 1995) led to a treaty to crate the WTO, 头mediate trade disputes .Other bi- and trilateral trade agreements , including ctions of Europe’s Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade .
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The border of nation-state are far from being dissolved , globalization is not happening , and probably will not happen, considering that in world history internationalization has yet to lead to full globalization is an unfolding process .Examples of transnational structures (such as the EU and NAFTA)are signs that a centuries old process global integration is heating up.
The world increasingly is confronted by problems that can not be solved by individual nation-states actings alone.Examples include cross-boundary air and water pollution , ov焚券市义
er-fishing of the oceans and other degradations of the natural environment,regulation of outer-space, global warming , international terrorist networks, global trade and finance , and so on.Solutions to the problems necessitate new forms of cooperation and the creation of new global institutions. Since the end of WWII , following the advent of the UN and the Bretton Woods institutions , there has been an explosion in the reach and power of transnational corporations and the rapid growth of global civil society. Increasingly, citizens across the world are organizing as part of a growing transnational movement, confusingly labeled by the mass media after the 1999 protest against the WTO in Seattle as anti-globalization . This growing mobilization of citizens can also be understood as a movement of movements , as it links existing social movements(such as labor , feminism,environmentalism , human rights , and anti-poverty efforts ) under the slogan” another world is possible.” The are all further examples of the erosion of the nation-state and the emergence of new transnational global actors in the form of new institution of governance, corporations ,and civil society.
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