Turn over Information
Candidates must not take this pre-relead synoptic resources into the
examination as the will be reproduced in the Resource Booklet.
Advance Information U
Plea note that:
•U of this Advance Information is restricted to your sole u in connection with
your delivery of Pearson Edexcel qualification.
•You may not ll, copy or distribute the Advance Information material outside
of your centre without express connt from Pearson Edexcel.
*W47879A*
W47879A
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1
2
W47879A
SECTION B
Biodiversity under Threat
Arctic on the Edge
法国七月革命
The Arctic region is an ocean area fringed by landmass and islands. The centre of the Arctic Ocean is a ice covered year-round, and snow and ice are prent on land for much of the year. In some locations, permanent ice caps are prent. The limit of the Arctic region is the Arctic Circle at 66° 32’ N (Figure 1). North of this line, the Sun does not t on the day of the summer solstice and d
oes not ri on the day of the winter solstice. Nearer the Pole periods of continuous daylight or night last up to six months. The Arctic can also be defined as:• the area north of the tree line.
•
high latitudes where the average daily summer temperature does not ri above 10°C.
九年级下册化学
Eight countries have land and a territory within
西游记第一章the Arctic Circle (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Countries of the Arctic
The Arctic covers an area of 14.8 million km² of land, including huge wilderness areas with almost no human inhabitants, and 13 million km² of ocean. In total, the Arctic has around 4 million inhabitants, including 40 different indigenous ethnic groups (about 10% of the total Arctic
population). Indigenous Arctic people often have a specific connection to the land they inhabit, as well as distinctive languages, cultures and traditional livelihoods such as reindeer herding, fishing and hunting.
The Arctic contains a number of different
读书名言名句biomes . Between about 50°N and 70°N boreal forest dominates with coniferous pine, spruce and fir (Figure 2) as well as some deciduous
species like birch and larch. The forests account for about 25% of the world’s forest cover. The central Siberian forests contain over 2300 species of vascular plants. Canada’s boreal forest is home to 300 bird species, 85 different mammals and
over 30,000 inct species.
White spruce White birch Northern hawk owl Woodland caribou
Figure 2: Boreal forest species
Northwards, boreal forest gradually gives way to tundra beyond the tree line . Dwarf shrubs, moss, lichens, grass and dges growing in thin soil above permafrost dominate the
vegetation. Biodiversity is low, but not universally so (Figure 3).
旗袍设计图
3
W47879A
Turn over Figure 4: The Arctic Ocean ecosystem Migration is an important component of Arctic ecology. Many bird species, including ducks and gee, fly north in the spring to breed in the short Arctic summer, and then migrate south in the winter. Caribou undertake similar, but shorter, migrations. Wetlands, peatlands and lakes cover up to 70% of the Arctic land area. The ecosystems are an important carbon sink as they
7号球衣
4
埃及出土木乃伊W47879A
资金性质
Northwest Atlantic until the mid 1990s (Figure 6), and are still caught in the Northeast Atlantic, which includes the Barents Sea. The Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis ) fishery is small and the fish is not as commercially valuable as Atlantic cod. In the future, some fish species are expected to extend their current geographical range north and fishing may become viable in areas currently a ice covered for much of the year.
1,600,0001,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,000
195019551960196
519701975198019851990199520002005
T o n n e s p e r y e a r
Northeast Atlantic Northwest Atlantic
Figure 6: Commercial cod catch in the North
Atlantic 1950–2007 (FAO Fishstat)About 1.5 million people visit the region as tourists each year, a small number for such a vast wilderness, but large relative to the local population. The number of Arctic crui ships in Greenland grew from 13 in 2003 to 39 in 2008 and further growth is expected as a ice cover retreats. Most tourists travel by crui ship. Whale, al and bird watching are very popular but activities such as kayaking and trekking are increasing in popularity. Currently tourism is centered around Disko Bay off Greenland’s west coast, the Barents Sea and the Alaskan coast.Purpo built icebreaker vesls are generally required in the Arctic Ocean and shipping is only possible in the summer months. The Arctic Ocean does reprent a major ‘short cut’ (of around 10 days sailing) for shipping between Europe and Asia, via one of two routes (Figure 7). As ice cover lesns, shipping routes are increasingly viable. In 2011 the 160,000 ton Suezmax-class Vladimir Tihkonov became the first supertanker to u the Northern Sea Route. Between 1995 and 2004,
43 ships sank in the Arctic, 22 were involved in collisions and 68 became grounded. A 2010 study estimated that by 2030 Arctic shipping routes could transport 1.4 million twenty-foot containers, rising to 2.5 million by 2050. There are concerns that incread shipping will pollute Arctic air and waters.
Figure 7: Sea ice and shipping routes Arctic shipping is likely to increa due to
incread mineral and fossil fuel exploitation. Oil has been exploited from Alaska’s North Slope since its discovery in 1968. A major study by the USGS in 2008 estimated that the Arctic contained 90 billion barrels of oil, 1,669 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids. 84% of the resources are in offshore areas. On Baffin Island, in Canada, Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation plans to extract over
$20 billion of iron ore (18–30 million tonnes per year) from an opencast mine at Mary River.In some locations it is not entirely clear who
owns parts of the Arctic Ocean. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) countries can claim the right to exploit resources in an area 200 nautical miles beyond th
eir coastline (called the Exclusive Economic Zone or EEZ). In the Arctic the extent of this EEZ is disputed in some cas. This combined with the mineral resources in the region has led to
5
W47879A
Turn over
