Journalism and Mass Communication, March 2016, Vol. 5, No. 3, 166-168
doi: 10.17265/2160-6579/2016.03.005
A Growth of the Urban Public Space in the British New England
控制活动WANG Wei-hong
Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Colonial New England urban economy was growing prosperity from 17th century to 18th century, all kinds of
urban public space was increasing in number, the increasingly rich on the function, which became important place
for colonial population aggregation and consumption. What people from different place come into the bi
g and small
cafes, taverns, shops, and the most important Town Hou took sharing information, emotional communication,
business negotiation and other matters, which reflecting the colonial town’s economic and social progress.
Keywords: New England colonies, public space, social progress
17-18th century, Colonial New England economy was booming, at the same time, the public space in the towns was increasing in number, the increasingly rich on the function, became an important place for daily
consumption and urban population aggregation, urban residents in which information sharing, emotional
communication, business negotiation and other matters. In New England towns, cafes, taverns, shops, and the
most important Town Hou increasing, all of the became the most important public space for colony society.
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This change reflected the New England colonies of urbanization progress and the changes of the consumer
society. Rearch about this problem, the domestic academic circles no one study on this question. And
American academic rearch on this problem is just beginning (Martha, 2001). About the growth of the urban
public space and colonial social change derves further study.
Town Hou was the most important public space in the Colonial towns. In general, theater played an important role in the city’s public life in the 17th and 18th centuries Atlantic world, but New England Puritan
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had a thought the theater violated the Puritan doctrine, could cau people despi of religion, also could
increa the tendency of people immoral and not religious, banned any professional theatrical performances in
the colonies (Hoover, 1984). That is to say, in the New England colonies, give play to the role of public space
must be to other institutions or facilities. And in the public space, the most important thing was Town Hou of
each town. In Boston, Salem, Plymouth built Town Hou. As early as 1658, Boston built the Town Hou,
after becau a fire destroyed it, and rebuilt it in 1713. The purpo to build Town Hou of each town, aims at
providing a cular place for government and businessmen, and judicial court activities. In many cas,
historian often regarded Town Hou as a meeting place who function appears to be principally as a local
大龙虾多少钱一斤cular affairs and religious affairs (McNamara, 2001). But, in fact, Town Hou had political, legal, economic
and social function. Which was the political, commercial and cultural center of New England, here brings
together governments, courts, market and militia. Town Hou design itlf was integrated the function of the护照过期了怎么办
considerations. For example, in Boston, the first floor of the Town Hou, its design was open to be a
marketing center, everyone can be trade here. At the same time, it was an important part of the information
WANG Wei-hong, Ph.D. Candidate, School of History and Culture, Northeast Normal University.
A GROWTH OF THE URBAN PUBLIC SPACE IN THE BRITISH NEW ENGLAND 167
market, from different parts of the colonists gathered here, to share their market or business information from
all over the world. And, around the town was covered with large and small stores, bookstores and printing, etc.
In the 1730s, in addition to the coastal port cities and towns, some of the inland towns in New England were
established Town Hou, such as in Ipswich, Springfield, etc., the local Town Hou design was almost same
with Boston, on the first floor were open design, which was the important public space for the local residents
(McNamara, 2001, p. 134). But, by contrast, in general, the coastal port’s Town Hou function was more
active and complex than the inland towns. This was mainly due to the area between the differences in the
complexity of the commercial economy.
In the 1740s, increasingly cafes became the new public space. At the end of the 17th century and the early 18th century, cafes like walking street, asmbly hall, were very popular in London, as a new public space
provided a new convenient place for businessman sharing information. When London businessmen
increasingly dependent on public space to collect the latest market and business information at the mid-17th
century. It was influenced by the British, businessmen were starting to invest cafes in New England, growing
number of cafes, from the coastal ports to the inland towns were quite popular. On the one hand, cafes became
a good place for people to taste coffee and leisure or entertainment; On the other hand, which became a
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commercial transactions center, information communication, and an important part in political exchanges. For
example a Boston man, often go to the British Coffee Hou to meet with businessmen and various
professionals, organizations and discuss business affairs of this town, or a general communication and jokingly.
To some extent, the cafe became his daily or at least his office conference room (Hunter, 2001, p. 144). Even
cafe as a new ideal place for all kinds of people showed their new fashion. Therefore, when a person want to
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know the world latest fashionable clothing or consumer tastes, cafe was the best choice, cafe became an
epitome of imitation the Atlantic world newest fashion. In Boston, The Crown Coffee Hou at Long Wharf
often held all kinds of auctions and exhibition all sorts of adornment, painting for higher social class (Hunter,
2001, p. 89). Learning London larger cafe management pattern, Colonial New England cafes boss earned extra
income through the indoor display or performance chess, jokes, or a few small games.
Taverns had become a mass consumption and often go to places of entertainment. The church of the New England colonies has always been very alert to drinking, but from all kinds of the church’s rmon was not hard
to find, the tavern consumption become an unstoppable tide of mass consumption. Massachutts famous priest
Cotton Mather said: “rum was a greater disaster than a French invasion” (Miller, 1953, p. 306). In addition, it
was clearly against the growing tavern consumption in a rmon of 1726. Becau, it was not only the ordinary
people, but also many religious instructors were addicted to. So, the rmon taught the people: can’t afford to
waste a lot of time in the tavern, and should only after a hard day, at night can relax appropriately. And tavern
consumption should be control the most appropriate or the lowest proportion, it is really waste money for
tavern, becau there are a lot of poor people need help. As a result, the rmon was a warning to the crowd:
don’t throw a lot of time and money in the pleasures of sin.1However, the consumption habits once formed
ems unlikely ever to be reverd.
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In addition to the coffee hou, with the growth in wealth in the New England towns, many people began to pursue a variety of entertainment to enjoy, as a result, some new quantity public space rapid growth with the
entertainment, including all kinds of hunting, fishing, sports, hor racing and other sports venues, along with a
1Early American Imprints, Series 1, no. 2780: Thomas Foxcroft, “A Serious Address to tho Who Unnecessarily Frequent the
Tavern”, Boston, 1726, pp. 1, 2, 4, 5.
A GROWTH OF THE URBAN PUBLIC SPACE IN THE BRITISH NEW ENGLAND
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168
variety of concert hall, dance hall, restaurant and outdoor walking space, etc., all of that gradually became new
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ways of entertainment and leisure for urban population. Among them, especially dance very popular and
became an important form of social performance in the New England polite and merchant class. In 1744,
Alexander Hamilton, a Maryland gentleman during his stay in Boston, expresd admiration for here. He noted
that “the gentleman and lady s meeting almost every week att consorts of musick and balls” (Hunter, 2001, pp.
88, 109). People also promote each other business communication and information sharing by this way. In
addition, all sorts of gentlemen’s clubs and public facilities such as library also increa gradually sponsored by
some traders (Beranek, 2007, pp. 70-71). All of public space promoted friendship between personal or business
contact, and which was reflecting the progress of social material life and spiritual life of Colonial New England
towns.
References
Beranek, C. M. (2007). Merchants, Gentry, Farmers, and Brokers: Archaeology of the complex identities of the Tyng family of Dunstable, Massachutts, in the Eighteenth Century (Ph. D. diss., University of Pennsylvania).
Hoover, C. A. (1984). Music in Eighteenth-Century American Theater. American Music, 2(4), 8.
Hunter, P. W. (2001). Purchasing identity in the Atlantic World: Massachutts Merchants, 1670-1780. New York: Cornell University Press.
Martha, J. M. (2001). In the Face of the Court: Law, commerce, and the transformation of public space in Boston, 1650-1770.
Winterthur Portfolio, 36(2/3), 125-139.
McNamara, M. J. (2001). In the face of the court: Law, commerce, and the transformation of public space in Boston, 1650-1770.
Winterthur Portfolio, 36(2/3), 125-126.
Miller, P. (1953). The New England Mind: From colony to province. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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