考博英语-198
(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
小辣甲岛二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)
Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of cour, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either becau of the ramifying venous process spreading out from a tumor or becau its pain is like the pinch of a crab"s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the cond century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cau was systemic, an ex
cess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body"s four "humors," brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C. concluded: "There is no treatment."
The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic dias (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); "apoplexies" (what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, "consumption" (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is "the modern dia par excellence," and that Mukherjee calls it "the quintesntial product of modernity."
At one time, it was thought that cancer was a "dia of civilization," belonging to much the same causal domain as "neurasthenia" and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness
believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral caus. William Buchan"s wildly popular eighteenth-century text "Domestic Medicine" judged that cancers might be caud by "excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy." In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a "cancer personality," and, in some versions, specifically to xual repression. As Susan Sontag obrved, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. "It ems unimaginable," Sontag wrote, "to aestheticism" cancer.（分数：20.00）
(1).According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians ______.（分数：4.00）
A.called cancer the crab
B.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones
C.found out the cau of cancer
D.knew about a lot of malignant tumors √
解析：[解析] 本题考查事实细节。根据文章第一段中的“The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos).”可知，古埃及人知道许多种带来恶果的肿瘤，而希腊人已经区分出良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤了，所以答案为D。
(2).Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?（分数：4.00）
word怎么加页 A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer婴儿祝福语
B.In the past, people did not fear cancer
C.Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement
D.Some physicians believed that one"s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer √
虚拟的英文
解析：[解析] 本题考查推理判断能力。根据最后一段中的“William Buchan"s wildly popular eighteenth-century text "Domestic Medicine" judged that cancers might be caud by "excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy".”可知，威廉·巴契南在非常受欢迎的一本十八世纪的《家庭医疗》书中指出癌症可能是由“过度恐惧、痛苦和宗教忧郁”引发的，而未说人们害怕癌症与否，故可排除B；根据最后一段中的“Among the Romantics and the Victorians. suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort.”可知，在浪漫主义时期和维多利亚时期，受肺结核折磨甚至死于肺结核被当成是文雅的标志；患癌死亡那就完全不同了，排除C；通读全文，A项文中没有提到；根据最后一段中的“In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries-to psychological and behavioral caus.”可知，在十八九世纪，一些医生将癌症——尤其是乳房癌和子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面，所以D项正确。
(3).Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called "the modern dia"?（分数：4.00）
A.Modern cancer care is very effective
B.There is a lot more cancer now
C.People understand cancer in radically new ways now √摘抄优美句子大全
D.There is a sharp increa in mortality in modern cancer world
解析：[解析] 本题考查推理能力。根据文章第二段最后两句话可知，疾病致死的苦状令人畏惧，但是恐惧并没有成为公众意识中的关注焦点，而现在不同了。医学史家罗伊·波特将其说成是“最卓越的现代病”，慕克吉称其为“现代性最典型的产物”，这就是其中一方面的原因。所以C项“现在，人们在用全新的方式理解癌症”正确。
(4)."Neurasthenia" and diabetes are mentioned becau ______.（分数：4.00）
A.they are as fatal as cancer
B.they were considered to be "dia of civilization" √
C.people dread them very much
D.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life
解析：[解析] 本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段第一句话可知，人们曾经认为癌症是一种“现代病”，病因与“神经衰弱症”和糖尿病类似。这里提到“神经衰弱症”和糖尿病是为了说明癌症和它们的类似性，他们曾被认为是“文明病”。所以选B。
(5).As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?（分数：4.00）
A.The care and management of cancer have development over time
B.The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times √老婆生日
C.Cancer"s identity has never changed宋夏战争
D.Cancer is the price paid for modern life
解析：[解析] 本题考查推理概括能力。第一段出现了文章的主题：癌症的诊治处理方法当然也随着时代进步有变化，而其存在性质、表现和意义也发生了改变。文章三段内容主要围绕癌症的存在性质、表现和意义发生的改变进行论述。所以选B。
三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)
Visanto Melina, R.D., got the surpri of her career last year, when Seattle-bad vegetarian nutritionist was asked to give a minar on vegetarianism at a nior citizen center. "I thought there"d be four or five people." she says. Instead, the room was packed with niors who had paid a $5 fee to hear her advice. And their interest in better health wasn"t only keen; it was informed. "They"ve obviously been paying attention to new rearch," she says.
If Melina studied demographic trends for a living, she probably wouldn"t have been so surprid. Trend watchers have verified an intriguing new phenomenon. Older people are turning to a vegetarian diet in ever-increasing numbers. Not surprisingly, demographics are driving the drift. By the year 2005, people born between 1949 and 1963 the Baby Boom Generation, will make up 38 percent of the American population. Furthermore, statistics suggest this educated, health-conscious, rebellious and relatively affluent contingent fits the traditional vegetarian profile. Add to the fact that older people ek natural, pleasant ways to combat problems associated with aging—weight gain, higher ch
olesterol and blood pressure, incread cancer risk and impaired digestion—and you have real motivation to go meatless, says Suzanne Havala, R. D., author of the American Dietetic Association"s position paper on vegetarianism.
冷清的反义词Quantifying this new trend isn"t easy, but a 1994 study by Health Focus Inc., an independent rearch organization bad in Des Moines, Iowa, found that shoppers over age 50 are cutting down on their consumption of red meat or eliminating it from their diets entirely. More compelling evidence for the nior surge toward vegetarianism comes from vegetarian groups nationwide, which report a swell in the ranks of older vegetarians. For example, one out of five members of the new Syracu (N.Y.) Area Vegetarian Education Society is over 50; unusually high for a fledgling organization. And two-thirds of the 850-member Vegetarian Society of Honolulu are also members of the American Association of Retired Persons, society executives say.
An informal poll of older people suggests better health is often the main incentive and objective for turning veg. Three years ago Nancy Roberts, a 53-year-old Magazine editor, found herlf doing what many people do over the holidays: overindulging in rich treats.
However, this time it made her in. "The crash felt like the flu," she says. By chance, Roberts was asked to edit some vegetarian recipes during that same period. She made a few at home, and her "flu" disappeared.
More dramatically, Ruth Heidrich believes vegetarianism saved her life. The 61-year-old marathoner and triathlete was diagnod with breast cancer 14 years ago, at age 47. When an initial biopsy indicated far more cancer than her doctors had thought, she was ready to take desperate measures. On the day of the diagnosis, she spotted a newspaper ad looking for volunteers to enroll in a study of breast cancer and diet, conducted by John McDougall, M. D., a leading advocate of the u of diet to fight dia. After meeting McDougall and reviewing what she says was an eight-inch thick file of statistics linking a high-fat diet with breast cancer, Heidrich converted from a traditional American diet to an extremely low-fat regimen with no animal products. "I didn"t even have skim milk on my cereal," she says. After a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery, she is cancer-free. She never had to undergo radiation treatment or chemotherapy and believes her strict vegetarian diet helped speed her recovery from surgery.（分数：20.00）
