Punctuation (1)
Punctuation is device to help us read and understand a piece of writing. The principal punctuation marks are as follows:
1. 句号 full stop, period .
2. 逗号 comma ，
3．连字符 hyphen -
4. 省略号 apostrophe ’
过往烟云5. 分号 mi-colon ；
6．冒号 colon ：
7. 引号 quotation marks “”‘’
8. 问号 question mark ？
9．惊叹号 exclamation mark ！
10. 破折号 dash ——
11．括号 brackets ( )
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12. 删节号 dots …
1. the full-stop
A full stop is ud to
小寨子沟风景区1) mark the end of all ntences except questions and exclamations;
2) indicate an abbreviation, e.g. “Gt. Britain”, “W. Africa”, “U.A.S.”.
When an abbreviation comes at the end of a ntence, one full stop is adequate. In the middle of a ntence, however, an abbreviation often has a full-stop followed by a comma (.,).
2. the comma
It is ud:
1) to parate items in a ries or list, but it is normally not ud between the last two items.
e.g. At the fruit store I bought apples, pears, oranges and bananas.
2) before and, but, or, nor, for, yet and so when the word joins two coordinate claus.
e.g. He wanted to go to the party, but he had no time.世界杯对阵图
3) to mark off ntences or claus where a pau is needed in reading. This is almost always the ca when an adverbial clau comes before a principal one.
e.g. Though they hadn’t been able to stay long, they all felt they had learnt a lot.
4) to parate adjectives that describe the same noun.
e.g. The tall, awkward giraffe got tangled in the long, winding vines.
5) to mark off participial phras, when a pau is required in reading.
e.g. Seeing that his brother was hurt, George ran to help him.
Stranded in the snow, I got cold feet.
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6) to t off short words and phras, such as yes, no, well, oh, nevertheless, after all, at long last, all in all, etc.
e.g. All in all, our landlady is a terrible person.
At long last, we got our train tickets and started packing.
7) with too when it means also. 阿尔米
e.g. We old folks like to go to the movies once in a while, too.
8）to parate words that might confu the reader if they were read together.
e.g. To begin with, diamonds are expensive.
产值利润率 From you, flowers are welcome.
Pairs of commas are ud
1) to t off parenthetical words or phras like however, therefore, of cour, for instance, etc.
e.g. You know, of cour, the way to Beijing; I needn’t, therefore, nd you a route map.
This umbrella, by the way, is not mine.
2) To t off an appositive.
e.g. Mr Smith, the manager of the firm, was at the party.
My grandfather, an architect, ud to work in Lanzhou.
3) To t off non-restrictive claus
e.g. Mr Smith, who is venty-five years old, is well-prerved.
Uncle John, who is a vegetarian, is my favorite relative.
Punctuation (2)
1． The Hyphen
1) the hyphen is ud to make compound words, e.g. well-dresd, bad-tempered.
2) U a hyphen when you spell out a number between twenty and one hundred, e.g. fifty-five; venty-six
3) U a hyphen when you run out of room at the end of a line and need to continue a word on the next line.
e.g. You shouldn’t be surprid if they ask you to sing impromptu. (you cannot parate a word any way you like. When you are in doubt, consult a dictionary.)
2． The apostrophe
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1) the apostrophe indicates posssion. The general rule is to add an apostrophe and “s” to the word required, e.g. wife’s, Smith’s, man’s
if there is already an “s” at the end of the word, do not add a cond one, unless the word is singular, e.g. wives’, ladies’, mistress’s, Jones’s
2) The apostrophe also indicates the omission of letters, e.g. can’t, and it’s (for “cannot” and “it is”)
3) Occasionally, an apostrophe is ud when the first two figures of the number of a year are left out.
It was in ’82 (=1982).
3． Semicolon
A micolon is stronger than a comma and weaker than a fullstop. It is ud
1) to parate co-ordinate claus when a conjunction is not ud.
e.g. It rained last night; there are puddles everywhere this morning.
When the weather grows warmer, the mercury ris in the thermometer; when it grows colder, the mercury falls.
