自考本科官网大英3重修第三套
第三套
卷首Part I Writing (30 minutes)
一百英语怎么读Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Smoking in public places — allowed or not? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chine:
1.一些大城市禁止在公共场所吸烟。
2. 你的观点。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choo the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions
8-10, complete the ntences with the information given in the passage.
The sun shines on an empty Iraqi street. A Blackhawk helicopter circles overhead. The aromas of spices from a market fill the air. Suddenly, insurgents hiding on a roof launch a rocket-propelled grenade. The ground shakes violently and plumes of black smoke cloud your vision.
Tho images, produced when a person puts on a headt, are at the heart of Virtual Iraq, a simulation created to treat Iraq war veterans (退伍) suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (P.T.S.D.).
By repeatedly encountering sights, sounds, smells and rumblings that evoke painful memories, experts say, veterans with the disorder can begin to reprocess traumatic events and become densitized to them, perhaps suffering fewer side effects like insomnia (失眠), nightmares and flashbacks.
气质美女图片The simulation is available to a small number of patients at sites including the Veterans A
辱母案事件
dministration Medical Center in Manhattan, the Naval Medical Center in San Diego, the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta and Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington. So-called exposure therapy, in which patients are asked to confront memories of a trauma by imagining and recounting it in painstaking detail, has long been a first-line psychological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. But the bells and whistles of virtual reality may make exposure therapy more effective, said Michael Kramer, a clinical psychologist at the Veterans Administration hospital in Manhattan who is overeing the introduction of Virtual Iraq there.
“One of the symptoms of P.T.S.D. is avoidance,” Dr. Kramer said. “Patients spend an awful lot of time and energy trying not to think about it or talk about it. But behaviorally, avoidance is what keeps the trauma alive.”
“With virtual reality, we can put them back in the moment. And we can do it in a gradual, controlled way.”
Virtual Iraq features two scenarios. In one, patients navigate the streets of a generic Iraqi
city, walking past buildings, cars, civilians and markets. With the touch of a therapist’s keypad, a little boy might appear on a street corner and wave, apparently in friendship, or a man might stumble down the middle of the street calling for help, a sight that provokes anxiety in some veterans who have come to fear rus.
In the other scene, veterans ride in a Humvee(悍马). Other vehicles might slow down in front of them, and strangers might open fire. Enemy combatants might appear under bridges. Objects dotting the roadside might explode as the Humvee pass.班级周记
The patient cannot shoot back at the insurgents and also cannot die or be wounded in the simulation.
In choosing which stimuli to introduce, the therapist’s goal is to evoke the conditions prent when specific traumatic events occurred, as accurately as the simulation will allow. Smells like spices, burning garbage or body odor can be emitted in four-cond puffs. And the scene can be t to day or night, sun or fog or even a sandstorm.
心情糟糕的图片
Given the power of traumatic memories, Dr. Kramer said, it is important “to go at a pace that the veteran can tolerate, so that he isn’t overwhelmed,” and he starts to realize that the memories cannot
harm him.
One risk of introducing potent material too fast is that a veteran could become retraumatized and perhaps unwilling to continue other kinds of therapy, as well.公司福利
Not all patients with the stress disorder are likely to benefit from this therapy. Veterans who lack basic coping mechanisms, are actively having flashbacks or who have unaddresd problems with substance abu should probably not enter the simulator, Dr. Kramer said.
Dr. Albert Rizzo, the director of the Virtual Environments Lab at the University of Southern California who helped develop the simulator, said, “It’s a hard treatment for a very hard problem.” Dr. Rizzo first created a simulation for Iraq veterans with the disorder in 2003, b
y modifying the Xbox game Full Spectrum Warrior. In 2004, he and Ken Graap, president and chief executive of Virtually Better in Decatur, Ga., received financing from the Office of Naval Rearch to develop the current simulation, with extensive feedback from veterans and active-duty members of the military.
