2018年高考英语高频考点解密探究阅读理解之细节理解题的突破点
有能力的英文高考中细节理解题通常占阅读理解题总数的一半以上。
细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。
常见的命题方式通常有:
1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题;
2. 以是非题的形式。true /fal, not true / fal或EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少;诱人的近义词是什么
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3. 以According to… 开头提问方式;
4. 以填空题的形式,如:
(1)To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advid________.
(2)By the first ntence of the passage author means that________.婴儿服
(3)It ems that now a country’s economy depends much on________.
(4)If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit________.
(5)The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that________ .
(6)The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to________.
5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
做细节理解题时,大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨
认和记忆事实或细节,就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味,对照比较.确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外,还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。
关于用英语怎么说了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下,干扰项有如下几个特点:(1)是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;(2)符合常识,但不是文章内容;(3)与原文的内容极其相似,只是在程度上有些变动;(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;(5)部分正确,部分错误。
有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节,在必要的时候(做判断、推断或结论的时候)能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息,直接得出答案,但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断.此类试题在高考中占大多数。
值得一提的是,有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语,甚至一个单词,因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型:
题型一 描写类细节题
描写类细节题,常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点,或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接,一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解,对于该类题,考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。
【典例剖析】
Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loudsounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’svoice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes toembryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule the roost. Asrecently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, somemother birds may teach their young to sing even before th
eyhatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s callwithin a few days of entering the world.
This educational method was first obrved in 2012 bySonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in SouthAustralia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one soundover and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds madethe similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that rved as their regular "feed me!" call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the rearchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls byanalyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced bymothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And themore frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ be
gging calls. Inaddition, the team t up a parate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most clolyimitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.
This obrvation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. "As a parent, doyou invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?" Kleindorfer asks. "Ourresults suggest that they might be going for quality."
60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____________.
A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training
C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call
【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领,从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。
60.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"the baby birds that most cloly imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food"和最后一段"Our results suggest that they might be going for quality."可知,模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物,研究结果表明,母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知,胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。
题型二信息寻找题、广告阅读题
信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见,体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面,能满足各种人对信息的需求,但在高考试题中,常常是就某一方面提问,考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读,因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时,宜采用“题干定全法”。即:先阅读题干,然后根据问题要求,有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。搞笑昵称男生
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广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快,省略了大量的词语,达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练,形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告
阅读题多为细节理解题,关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力,熟悉文化背景,利用各种手段(如:补全、联想、推测等)正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。