第l 卷第l期纺织高校基础科学学报Vol.l No.l l年月BASIC SCIENCES JOURNAL OF TEXTILE UNIVERSITIES Mar.
英语谚语修辞刍议
谢建平
湖南工程学院外语系湖南湘潭l l l
摘要拟对谚语中一些修辞现象进行综述和评析从而揭示其内在的规律及其特殊性.
关键词音韵重复修辞借代
中图分类号~l .文献标识码文章编号l l
英语谚语是人们生活经验的总结是漫长岁月的结晶.它们不但富于哲理启迪人生而且音韵铿锵语言简练寓意深刻.本文将从个方面谈谈谚语的修辞特色.
l音韵
l头韵是指两个或两个以上邻近的词在辅音上或音节中的押韵通常为起首辅音的重复l.如
Practice makes perfect.
Want of wit is wor than want of wealth.
Fine feathers make fine birds.
Lovers live by love as larks live by leeks.
尾韵是指相近几个词在词尾的押韵.如
East or west home is best.
~onesty is the best policy.
etter ask twice than lo your way once.
As you sow you shall mow.
头尾韵是指相近的几个词既押头韵也押尾韵.如
~e laughs best that laughs last.
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
Many a little makes a mickle.
Deliberating is not delaying.
重复修辞
蝴蝶版作用在于强调概念加强语气提高音韵的效果.
l句首重复~arm watch harm catch.
收稿日期l l9
作者简介谢建平 l95 女湖南工程学院副教授从事英语语法~修辞方面的研究.
88纺织高校基础科学学报第14卷
In for a penny,in for a pound.
Nearest the king,nearest the Widdie.
Love me,love my dog.
(2)句尾重复
A snoW year,a rich year.
Who gives to all,denies all.
U legs and have legs.
One of the days is none of the days.开学第一课歌词
牛仔裤怎么洗(3)首尾重复
Measure for measure.Like attracts(or draWs to)like.
Eat to live,but do not live to eat.
Love is the true price of love.
(4)不规范重复
医师执业资格证
转基因食品安全Take time While time is,for time Will aWay.
Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
As good be out of the World as out of the fashion.
过塘蛇草药图片(5)同源词的重复指重复同词性~同词形的词语.如:
Nothing succeeds like success.
~ome is home though never so homely.
What/s done can/t be undone.
3比喻
(1)明喻通常运用like~as等词把比喻的事物(本体)与被比喻的事物(喻体)联系起来.其作用在于把抽象的东西说得通俗~形象~生动，并能在读者的脑子里产生联想，造成鲜明深刻的印象.如Critics are like brushes of noblemen/s clothes.批评家好比刷子，为伟人刷去衣服上的灰尘. Falhood like a nettle stings tho Who meddle With it.谎言似荨麻，谁玩谁被扎.As rust eats iron,so care eats the heart.锈能蚀铁，忧能伤人.U a book as a bee does floWers.读书锋如蜜蜂采蜜.
(2)隐喻通常不用like~as等明显的比喻词，而是用一个具有形象意义的词来代替某个事物，使本体和喻体直接联系起来，其语气有时要比明喻更强些，因而形象更为突出.如Adversity
is a good school-master.逆境是个好教员.War is Death/s feast.战争是死神的筵席.A good tongue is a good Weapon.能言善辨是一件精良的武器.Confidence is a plant of sloW groWth.信任是一棵难长的树.
(3)讽喻讽喻也叫寓意，它是通过具体形象表示抽象概念的.它的特点在于其意义上的双重性，也就是说直接表示出来的与真正意味的是两回事.其作用在于加强语言逻辑内容的影响，用形象的形式说明一些深刻的道理.如All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子(寓意：外表美的东西不一定都有价值.).The proof of the pudding is in the eating.要检验布丁就要吃一些(寓意：空谈无补，实验方知.).Every cloud has a silver lining.每一片乌云都有银的衬里(寓意：任何坏事都有好的一面.).Make hay While the sun shines.趁太阳好的时候，好晒草(寓意：要趁热打铁.).葡萄干蛋糕
4拟人
把没有生命的事物比拟作有生命的东西，赋予它们人的特性~思想和活动，其作用在于深刻地
描写事物，充分地抒发感情，并给读者留下生动有趣的真切印象.如Pride goes before ,and shame foII
oWs after .傲慢前面走，羞耻紧相随.Riches rVe a Wi man but command a fooI .财富是智者的奴隶，愚者的主人.Sickness comes on horback and departs on foot .病来骑快马，病去慢似爬(或；病来如山倒，病去如抽丝.).Craft must haVe cIothes ,but truth IoVes to go naked .诡计定然披着外衣，真理却不爱装饰.
5夸张
运用丰富的想象，以主观的眼光和故意言过其实的表现法，去宣染~铺饰客观事物.此辞格不同于假话.假话是要使人信以为真，而夸张只是为了增强语言的感染力和表达效果.
(1)从数量上加以夸张
In a thousand pounds of IaW there is not an ounce of IoVe .法重千
钧，必须一私不徇.A thousand years cannot repair a moment /s Ioss of honour .一失足成千古恨.
It happens in a moment that comes not to pass in a thousand years .一千年不发生的事，在一刹那间发生(或；天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福.).
(2)借助其他修辞方式的夸张CoWards die many times before their deaths .胆小鬼在他真正咽气以前要
死许多次.Good aIe WiII make a cat speak .好酒能叫猫开口.Money makes the mare go .金钱万能(或；有钱能使鬼推磨.).An unfortunate man WouId be droWned in a tea -cup .人若倒霉，一杯水也能淹死.
6矛盾修饰与是非隽语
(1)词意矛盾两个互相矛盾的词放在一起，在平行结构中产生深刻含义.如Beauty and foIIy are often companies .美与蠢，常作伴.Death and marriage make term day .结婚和死亡是两个结帐的日子.Joy and sorroW are next -door neighbours 欢乐和忧愁是紧邻.
品质管理体系
(2)句意矛盾
表面上自相矛盾，不合逻辑，实际上是充满哲理~意味隽永的特殊警句.如A
tight -heeIed mother makes a heaVy -heeIed daughter .勤妈妈生懒姑娘. e that makes a good War makes a good peace .正义的战争创造持久的和平.More haste ,Iess speed .欲速则不达.The nobIest Vengeance is to forgiVe .最高尚的复仇是宽容.7借代
此辞格的特点是不直接说出要说的事物，而是用和它关系不可分离的事物来表现.与明喻~隐喻不同之处在于，借代的重点不是相似，而是联想.
(1)形象借代A cat in gIoVes catches no mice .戴手套的猫捉不到耗子(意指；四体不勤的人干不成事.).It is a Iong Iane that has no turning .路必有弯(意指；事情必有转机，鼓励人们不要失望.).It is a sad hou Where the hen croWs Iouder than the cock .母鸡司晨家不兴(意指; 丈夫惧内，老婆专权 的家庭.).It is the Iast straW that breaks the cameI /s back .骆驼负载过重，加根草就能压死(意指；不能使人忍受的最后一击.).
(2)典故借代A WoIf in sheep /s cIothing .披着羊皮的狼(意指花言巧语伪装成朋友的凶恶敌人.此句源于<；圣经>中耶酥在传教布道中对他的门徒所说的一句话.).It is good fishing in trou-
bIed .浑水摸鱼(意指；一些心术不正的人乘混乱的时候捞一把. fish in troubIed Waters
典出<；伊索寓言 渔夫>).Caesar /s Wife must be aboVe suspicion .凯撒之妻必须无可怀疑(意指；作为女人或者跟伟人有关系的人必须洁身自爱.凯撒是古罗马大将，其妻Pompeia 与P .CIodius 一案有所牵连，凯撒因此遗弃了她.).Bacchus has droWned more than Neptune and has kiIIed more than Mars .酒比大海淹死人更多，比战争杀人更多(Bacchus ~Neptune 与Mars 分别是希腊罗马神话中98第1期英语谚语修辞刍议
09纺织高校基础科学学报第14卷的酒神~海神和战神，本句中代替酒~海洋和战争).
8对照
将相反或相对的单词~短语的句子平衡并列，表示相反或相对的概念.其作用在于增强语言的鲜明感.
(1)单词~词组的对照Deeds are males and Words are females.(n.)说得漂亮不如做得漂亮.Art is long,life is short.(adj.)人生短暂，艺术长存.Eagles fly alone,but sheep flock together.
(adv.)鹰爱单羊爱群.Ask much to have a little.(pron.)贪多的结果，所得甚微.Better suffer ill than do ill.(v.)宁受害，不为害.Not to advance is to go back.(Infinitive phra)不进则退.Better go to heaven in rags than to hell in embroidery.(prep.phra)宁穿破烂进天国，不穿锦缎下地狱.
(2)句子对照An optimist es an opportunity in every calamity a pessimist e a calamity in every opportunity.乐观者从每次灾难中看到机遇，悲观者从每个机遇中看到灾难(并列句). When I did Well,I heard it never.When I did ill,I heard it ever.坏事经常有人骂，好事很少有人夸(并列复合句).If you lie upon ros When young,you lie upon thorns When old.少时躺在花床上，老时卧在荆棘上(或，少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲.)(复合句).
由上可见，英语谚语的修辞独具一格，它的语言文字新鲜活泼，意蕴优美充满了很强的感染力和说服力，这对提高我们的英语素养以及口头~笔头的表达能力有很大的帮助.要想掌握比较地道的英语，就必须熟识常用谚语.
参考文献,
[1]BANDER,Rodert G.American English rhetoric[M].2nd ed.NeW York,olt,Rinehart and Winston,1983.
231-256.
[2]LINDEMANN Erika.Arhetoric for Writing teachers[M].NeW York,Oxford University Press.1982.123-
126.
[3]MATALENE Carollyn.Contrastive rhetoric,An American Writing teacher in China[J].College English,
1984,47,789-808.
[4]黄任.英语修辞与写作[M].上海，上海外语教育出版社,1986.63-115.
[5]范家材.英语修辞赏析[M].上海交通大学出版社,1987.85-97.
[6]吴士文.修辞新探[M].辽宁人民出版社,1992.85-87.
[7]葛志宏，孟丽.格言英语900[M].北京，中国书籍出版社,1999.
