USDA Pain Levels有的反义词是什么
美国农业部疼痛分级
USDA Category B
B类
Breeding or Holding Colony Protocols 立项课题开题报告范文
繁育或维持种群的方案
USDA Category C
C类
No more than momentary or slight pain or distress and no u of pain-relieving drugs, or no pain or distress. For example: euthanatized for tissues; just obrved under normal conditions; positive reward projects; routine procedures; injections; and blood sampling.
仅有瞬时或轻微的疼痛或应激反应，且不使用减缓疼痛的药物；或者不存在疼痛或应激反应。例如：安乐死取组织；仅在正常情况下能观察到；积极的奖励项目；常规操作；注射；以及采血。
Examples
1. Holding or weighing animals in teaching or rearch activities.
2. Injections, blood collection or catheter implantation via superficial vesls.
3. Tattooing animals.
4. Ear punching of rodents.
5. Routine physical examinations.
6. Obrvation of animal behavior.
7. Feeding studies, which do not result in clinical health problems.
8. AVMA approved humane euthanasia procedures.
9. Routine agricultural husbandry procedures.
10. Live trapping.
11. Positive reward projects.
1. 在教学或科研活动中保定或称重动物。
2. 注射,采血或通过表浅血管植入导管。
3. 对动物进行纹身。
4. 对啮齿类动物进行耳朵穿孔。
得乎其中5. 常规体格检查。
6. 观察动物行为。
7. 不会导致临床健康问题的喂食实验。
8. 美国兽医协会允许的人道主义安乐死程序。
9. 常规的农牧业饲养程序。
10. 活体诱捕。
11. 积极的奖励项目。
USDA Category D
D类
Pain or distress appropriately relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.
使用麻醉剂、镇痛剂和/或镇静剂或其他方法适当地减轻疼痛或应激反应。
Examples
1. Diagnostic procedures such as laparoscopy or needle biopsies.
2. Non-survival surgical procedures.
秋霞大补
水浒传的好词3. Survival surgical procedures.
4. Post-operative pain or distress.
5. Ocular blood,collection in mice.
6. Terminal cardiac blood collection. 丝瓜面膜
7. Any post procedural outcome resulting in evident pain, discomfort or distress such as that associated with,decread appetite/ activity level, adver reactions, to touch, open skin lesions, abscess, lameness, conjunctivitis, corneal edema and photophobia.
8. Exposure of blood vesls for catheter implantation.
9. Exsanguination under anesthesia.
10. Induced infections or antibody production with appropriate anesthesia and post-op/post procedure analgesia when necessary.
1. 诊断程序，如腹腔镜检查或穿刺活检。
2. 非存活手术程序。
3. 存活手术程序。
4. 手术后疼痛或应激反应。
5. 小鼠眼部采血。
6. 终末心脏采血.
7. 任何由明显疼痛、不适或诸如与食欲/活动水平下降、对触摸、开放性皮肤伤口、脓肿、跛行、结膜炎、角膜水肿以及畏光等相关的应激反应所导致的后果。
8. 因导管植入而需暴露血管。
9. 麻醉状态下放血。
10. 适当的时候采用合适的麻醉和术后镇痛来控制诱发的感染或抗体产生。
USDA Category E
E类
Pain or distress or potential pain or distress that is not relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.
不通过麻醉剂\镇痛剂和/或镇静剂或其他方法来减轻疼痛或应激反应或潜在的疼痛或应激反应。
Examples
1. Toxicological or microbiological testing, cancer rearch or infectious dia rearch that requires continuation until clinical symptoms are evident or death occurs.
2. Ocular or skin,irritancy testing.
3. Food or water deprivation beyond that necessary for ordinary pre-surgical preparation.
4. Application of noxious stimuli such as electrical shock if the animal cannot avoid/escape the stimuli and/or it is vere enough to cau injury or more than momentary pain or distress.
5. Infliction of burns or trauma.
6. Prolonged restraint.
7. Any procedures for which needed analgesics, tranquilizers, datives, or anesthetics must be withheld for justifiable study purpos.
8. U of paralyzing or immobilizing drugs for restraint.
9. Exposure to abnormal or extreme environmental conditions.
10. Psychotic-like behavior suggesting a painful or distressful status.
11. Euthanasia by procedures not approved by the AVMA.
1. 毒理学或微生物学检测、需持续进行直至出现明显临床症状或死亡的癌症研究或感染性疾病研究。
2. 眼部或皮肤刺激性试验。
3. 禁食或禁水超过了普通的手术前准备时间。
4. 使用有害性刺激，如电击，如果动物无法避免或摆脱刺激和/或刺激太严重足以造成伤害或非一过性的疼痛或应激反应。
5. 因创伤或烧伤而导致的感染。
6. 长时间的限制。
7. 因理由充分的试验目的所需，而必须保留需要使用镇静剂、镇痛剂或麻醉剂的任何操作流程。
8. 使用麻痹或固定药物用于动物的限制。
黄色冈站9. 暴露于异常或极端环境条件下。
10. 精神病样的行为而提示疼痛或应激状态。
11. 采用未被美国兽医协会允许的方法进行安乐死。
(Note: there is no USDA Category A.) （注：无美国农业部 A类疼痛级别）
Guidelines for determining USDA classification in protocols involving tissue collection before/after euthanasia and/or animal perfusion:
对项目中涉及安乐死前后和/或动物灌注前后组织采集的USDA疼痛类型判定的指导如下：
If an animal will be euthanatized by an approved physical or chemical method of euthanasia solely for the collection of tissues (after the animal's death), the procedure should be classified as USDA C.
如果动物通过允许的物理或化学方法安乐死后且仅用于组织采集（在动物死亡之后），这类操作程序应归为USDA C类。
If an animal will be anesthetized so that non-vital tissues can be collected (liver or skin bi
服务器类型opsy), and the animal will then be allowed to recover, the procedure should be classified as USDA D (survival surgery).
