家风作文800字英语⼩知识｜不规则复数——你写对了吗？
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Irregular Plurals in English
英语的不规则复数
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By Catherine Soanes
Bacterias, bacteriae, bacterium: which of the three plurals of bacterium is the correct one? Read on, I’ll enlighten you soon as to the correct irregular plural.
bacterias、bacteriae、bacterium：这三种复数形式哪⼀种是正确的呢？请继续看下去，我会很快给你讲解正确的不规则复数。
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With English spelling and grammar tting a fair few traps for the unwary, it’s a reason for a heartfelt ‘phew’ of relief that many plurals of nouns are straightforward to form. In most cas, all you need to do is to tack an ‘s’ on to the end of the singular:
英语的拼写和语法规则颇有⼀些⼩陷阱需要注意，不过令⼈欣慰的是许多名词的复数形式还是简单明确的。⼤多数情况下，你只要在单数名词后⾯加上个s就⾏。
SINGULAR
PLURAL
shop
shops
donkey
donkeys
donkeys
roof
roofs
patio
patios
epoch
epochs
pizza
pizzas
Although some other English plurals can be slightly more tricky, there are a few basic rules which are easy to follow: if you’d like a quick refresher cour, why not visit our online ?
弥漫拼音不过，有些英语单词的复数形式相对复杂，但有⼀些基本的规则：要是想快速复习⼀下语法课程，可以访问我们的。
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Women, gee, teeth, and children: the Old English survivors
古英语的幸存者：women, gee, teeth, children
There are a handful of exceptions to the rules, mainly plurals of words that come from Old English. So instead of ‘a flock of goos’ we say ‘a flock of gee’, we brush our teeth(not ‘our tooths’), my sister has three children, not ‘three
flock of goos’ we say ‘a flock of gee’, we brush our teeth(not ‘our tooths’), my sister has three children, not ‘three childs’, and police arrested four menrather than ‘four mans’. The proportion of such plurals compared with the more usual formations is very small, so it’s easy to learn them. If you’re not sure, all good dictionaries will give the standard plural forms.
这些规则之外的少数例外主要来⾃于古英语单词的复数形式。所以，我们会说a flock of gee（⼀群鹅），我们刷teeth（⽛），我的姐姐有三个children（孩⼦），警察逮捕了四名men（男⼦）。与⼤多数常见的复数形式相⽐，这种不规则的复数⽐例微乎其微，所以很容易掌握。如果还是不确定，那就查查词典吧。
Unfortunately, the singularforms of some of the common English words now em to be causing difficulty. There’s a recent trend to u the plural spelling ‘women’ as a singular noun. This mistake crops up in all types of writing, from news articles and academic journals to blogs:
不幸的是，⼀些常见英语单词的单数形式现在似乎造成了困难。最近出现⼀种将复数拼写的women作为单数名词使⽤的趋势。这种错误在各种类型的写作中⼤量出现，从新闻报道、学术期刊到博客⽂章：
✘Eileen was a lovely women, who went about her daily duties in a very refined way.
✘A single womencan have a child now, but not without facing some human complications.
Although ‘men’, the plural of ‘man’, works in just the same way as the plural of ‘woman’, with the change of ‘a’ to ‘e’, for some reason the erroneous u of the plural spelling ‘men’ to refer to a man is much more rare… for now.
虽然man的复数形式是men，⼀如women也是woman的复数形式，但出于某些原因，将复数的men错误⽤作单数名词还是很罕见的……到⽬前为⽌很罕见。
Old Nor eggs and Italian pianos
古斯堪的纳维亚语的eggs和意⼤利语的pianos
But I digress: one of the main caus of plural puzzlement lies in the fact that English is full of words that have been
But I digress: one of the main caus of plural puzzlement lies in the fact that English is full of words that have been borrowed from other languages. The loanwords are believed to make up half of all English words, and have been enriching our language for over a thousand years. Many are so well established that we don’t reali they’re borrowings at all: Old Nor gave us freckle and egg; splinter and gherkin are Dutch; hazard and alcohol are Arabic.
说点⼉离题的：英语名词的复数形式之所以多元，⼀个主要原因在于英语从多种其他语⾔中借⽤了⼤量词语，⼈们认为英语词汇的⼀半都由外来语构成，它们在过去的⼀千多年间不断丰富着英语。很多英语词汇已然根深蒂固，以⾄于⼈们都没有意识到它们是外来语：例如来⾃古斯堪的纳维亚语的freckle（雀斑）和egg（鸡蛋）；来⾃荷兰语的splinter（尖碎⽚）和gherkin（腌⼩黄⽠）；来⾃阿拉伯语的hazard（危害）和alcohol（酒精）。
Once they’ve been absorbed into English, most noun loanwords behave in the same way as other English words when it comes to forming their plurals: hazards, freckles, splinters, etc. The main cate
gories of borrowed words that can cau problems for English speakers and writers are tho which are sourced chiefly from Latin, ancient Greek, French, and Italian.
⼤多数外来语⼀旦被吸收进英语，就如同其他英语单词⼀样使⽤，形成复数名词时加上s：hazards、freckles、splinters 等。会给英语说者和写作者造成困扰的外来词主要源⾃拉丁语、古希腊语、法语和意⼤利语。
You can’t blame anyone for being confud: in effect, there are no hard and fast rules as to whether the plurals of such words are:
难怪⼈们会搞糊涂了：实际上，这样的单词复数形式并没有强制的或硬性的规定：
● formed according to English rules: piano -> pianos (Italian); virus -> virus (Latin)
- 根据英语规则转换：piano -> pianos（源⾃意⼤利语）；virus -> virus（源⾃拉丁语）
我的周末英语作文5句● formed according to the rules of the parent language: criterion -> criteria (ancient Greek); bacterium -> bacteria (Latin); paparazzo -> paparazzi (Italian)
- 根据母语规则转换：criterion -> criteria（源⾃古希腊语）；bacterium -> bacteria（源⾃拉丁语）； paparazzo -> paparazzi（源⾃意⼤利语）
● formed according to either English rules or tho of the original language: cactus -> cacti/cactus (Latin); virtuoso -> virtuosos/virtuosi (Italian); chateau -> chateaux/chateaus (French)
- 根据英语或者原始语⾔转换：cactus -> cacti/cactus（源⾃拉丁语）；virtuoso ->virtuosos/virtuosi（源⾃意⼤利语）；chateau -> chateaux/chateaus（源⾃法语）
As before, the best way to ensure you’re correct is to check a good dictionary–it will always give the accepted plural forms of nouns.
正如前⾔所述，确保复数形式正确的最佳⽅法就是查本好词典，词典总会给你提供最⼴为接受的复数形式。
Tangled up in the coils of the language octopus
缠绕在语⾔中的octopus
✘Sea lions are carnivores and eat fish, squid, octopi, crabs, clams, and lobsters.
As the above example (taken from a US scientific publication) shows, a little knowledge of Latin and Greek can be a dangerous thing and sometimes leads people into error. The writer clearly knows that some Latin plurals are formed by changing the ‘-us’ ending of a singular noun into ‘-i’ for the plural, as in alumnus -> alumni. However, octopus is ultimately borrowed from a Greek word and not a Latin one, so it’s incorrect to form the plural according to the Latin rules. If you wanted to be ultra-correct and conform to ancient Greek, you’d talk about octopodes, but this is very rare: the Anglicized plural, octopus, is absolutely fine.
正如取⾃美国科技出版物的上述例⼦显⽰，对拉丁语或希腊语认知过少可能会有危险，有时会让⼈出错。这个例句的作者很清楚地知道，⼀些拉丁语的复数形式是将单数的-us结尾改写成-i结尾，例如alumnus -> alumni。但是，octopus最初是借鉴于希腊语⽽不是拉丁语，所以按照拉丁语的规则转换成复数就不正确了。如果你想超级正确并符合古希腊语的规则，那就要说octopodes，不过这种形式⾮常罕见：还是采⽤英国化的复数形式吧，octopus就⾮常好了。
Given that people are unsure about the origins of English words and the correct formation of their plu
感谢老师的话rals, it’s hardly surprising that a raft of mistakes have arin. Take criterion, for example. It’s borrowed from ancient Greek, and the plural is formed according to Greek grammar: criteria. However, many people u criteria as if it were a singular noun (that is, they u it with a singular verb):
鉴于⼈们对于英语词汇的起源以及它们的正确复数形式未必⾮常确定，那出现⼀系列错误也就不⾜为奇。以criterion⼀词为例，它借⾃古希腊语，根据希腊语语法，正确的复数形式为criteria。然⽽，很多⼈把criteria当作单数名词使⽤，因⽽⽤单数动词：
✘We thought that criteria wassatisfied.
It gets wor: once people start thinking that words like criteria and phenomena are singular rather than plural, there’s a tendency for them to want to add an ‘s’ to form the ‘plural’, as the erroneous examples show:
更糟的是：⼀旦⼈们开始认为，像criteria和phenomena这样的单词是单数名词⽽不是复数名词时，就往往会想添加s形成复数名词，正如以下的错误例⼦所⽰：
✘First there were three criteriasthat were considered.
✘Some pilots fly to specific regions to witness natural phenomenaslike hurricanes.
