Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国）
Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.
Historical background:
Rousau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794)
The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.
Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain.
Cultural background
1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and hi
s compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth.
2. The Romantics saw man esntially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.
3. In the works of the ntimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than tho of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.
Features of the romantic literature
1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs
2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, eing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now.
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3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.
4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets e in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”.
5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials
6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.
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银川旅游The Romantic period is also a great age of pro.
The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.
Gothic novel was one pha of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural
Willam Blake
Points of view:
1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.
2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination.
His works: Poetical Sketches (1783)
Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)
Songs of Innocence (1809)
Songs of Experience (1794)
1. Songs of Innocence (1809)
It is a lovely volume of poems, prenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, brok
e with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries
2. Songs of Experience (1794)
This volume of poetry paints a different world, a world of miry, poverty, dia, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A number of poems from the Songs of Innocence also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The two books hold the similar subject matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.
Comparison
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The previous one indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of “illusory happiness”; the poem from the latter reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring miry to the poor children.
Special features:
Fight for freedom, especially for the inner spiritual freedom of the individual, is a major topic in his poetry.
Blake writes his poems in plain, simple and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty
He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images.
Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.
The Tiger Give brief answers：
In what n can we say The Tiger is a poem about art/
This poem is about the artistic creation. The tiger is a real and natural beast, but the image of the tiger is man made. It is the fruit of an artist s imagination .
William Blake
1. His works
he is a poet and an engraver. He is the first romantic poet.
Childhood is central to his concern
A. Songs of innocence
a. a happy and innocent world, though not without evils and sufferings.
b. vision
B. Songs of experience
a. A world of miry
b. the nature of religion
2. Distinctive features
A. Visual images
B. music beauty
C. Symbolism in wide range生源地填什么
What does the word "weep " mean
Here weep means sweep, it is the child s lisping attempt at the chimney sweeper s street cry.
The Tiger is a poem about art, about the adequacy of words and painting. Though the tiger is a real natural beast, the images and myths with which we surround it are the fruits of imagination.
William wordsworth(1770-1850)
Literary point of view
He was strongly against the neoclassical poetry. He thought the source of poetic truth was the direct experience of the ns. Poetry originated from “emotion recollected in tranquility”. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner lf, but also change the cour of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
Special features:
1. Wordsworth is regarded as a ‘worshipper of nature’. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature.
2. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.
His works:
1. Lyrical Ballads 1798
This collection of poems is generally regarded as the landmark in English literature, for it started a poetical revolution by using the common, simple and colloquial language in poetry. The poems were written in the spirit and in the pattern of the early story-telling ballads. They are simple tales about simple life told in simple style and simple language to express the simple emotions in simple lyricism.
2. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads 1802
The Preface derts its reputation as a manifesto in the theory of poetry. He claimed that the great subjects of poetry were “the esntial passions of the heart”and “the great and simple affections”as the qualities interact with “the beautiful and permanent forms of nature”.
Interpret the poem
Nature and man come together explicitly in this stanza when the speaker says that his heart dances with the daffodils.
The poem moves from the sadly alienated paration felt by the speaker in the beginning to his joy in recollecting the natural scene. The emptiness of speaker s spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he remembers the daffodils.
Questions
1. Why is lyrical Ballades is regarded as the landmark in English literature
2. What is the significance of William Wordsworth s poetry
A. two groups of his works
B. themes
a. poems about nature the fusion
b. poems about human life Lucy poems
C. features
simple themes drawn from humble life expresd in the language of ordinary people
Nostalgic
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
His points of view:
1. Politically he was first an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. In his later period, he was a fiery foe of the rights of man, of Jacobinism. He insisted that a government should be bad upon the will of the propertied class only, and should impo itlf upon the rest of the community from above.
2. Religiously, he was a pious Christian. He would regard nature, poetry and faith as the source of human restoration.
3. Artistically Coleridge thought that art was the medium between man and nature, poetry was the flower of all human knowledge and that the imagination was the means to unite the thoughts and pa
ssions. He believed that art was the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality. A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.
几月几号4. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge oppod the limited and rationalistic trends of 18th-century thought. He courageously stemmed the tide of the of the prevailing doctrines derived from Hume and Hartley, advocating a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, bad on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.
His literary achievements:
His achievement as a poet can be divided into 2 remarkably diver groups: the demonic and the conversational. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of the demonic group. And the conversational group generally speaks
more directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully called “an improved infancy”. His poetic themes range from the supernatural to the domestic
Coleridge is one of the first critics to give clo critical attention to language, maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”. He sings highly Wordsworth’s “purity of language”, “deep and subtle thoughts”, “perfect truth to nature”and his “imaginative power”.
His works:
There are as many different interpretations of “Kubla Khan”as there are critics who have written about it. In the criticism of the last 50 years, one may distinguish, broadly, four major approaches to this poem: (i) interpretations of it as a poem about the poetic process; (ii) readings of it as an exemplification of aspects of Colerdgean aesthetic theory; (iii) Freudian analysis; and (iv) Jungian interpretations (Maintaining Jung's psychological theories, especially tho that stress the contribution of racial and cultural inheritance to the psychology of an individual.
Comment on the whole poem:
1. Kubla Khan who ordered a pleasure-dome and elaborate gardens to be constructed in Xanadu, is often viewed as a type of artist. His creation is a precariously balanced reconciliation of the nature and the artificial. The description of Kubla’s palace and gardens illustrates the work of the arranging and ornamenting fancy.
2. The poem reveals a dramatic conflict. In the first two stanzas, the poet describes both the marvelous and magnificent palace and supernatural mysteries. The ‘sacred river’that runs through them is the link that connects them. Here, the picturesque landscape is a symbol of life and the dark ‘caverns’are a symbol of death. And the ‘sacred river’runs into infinity of death. In the third stanza, the poet tries to reach a reconciliation of the natural and the artificial by religious spells.
3. The spirit of the poem is cool and non-human. One feels no real warmth even in the sunny garden. The poet, who is half-prent in the end, is dehumanized behind his mask. In this poem dwells the magic, the “dream”and the air of mysterious meaning. Christabel
Part I
It is the middle of the night by the castle clock, and the owls have awakened the crowing cock
Tu whit tu whoo
And hark, again the crowing cock,
How drowsily it crew.
Sir leoline, the Baron rich,
Has a toothles mastiff bitch
From her kennel beneath the rock
She maketh answer to the clock
Four for the quarters, and twelve for the hour电脑哪个键是截图
Ever and aye, by shine and shower,
Sixteen short howls, not over loud
Some say, she es my lady s shroud.
蓝牙耳机怎么重置Sir leoline is weak in health,
And may not well awakened be,
But we will move as if in stealth,
And I beach your courtesy
This night, to share your couch with me.
A daml with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw
it was ……
1. What does mount Abora in line five refer to .
2. what does this part describe
it is a description of one part of the poet s dream in which a young girl is playing a dulcimer and singing. It revels the poet s longing
for a poetic world.
3. Questions List his approaches to interpret kubla khan
A. The poetic process
B. aesthetic theory
C. Freudian analysis
D psychological analysis
What is Coleridge s contribution to English literature
A. asssment a poet , a critic,
B. two groups of poems
a. demonic神诋诗------ themes , features
b. Conversational------ themes , features
C. writing techniques
a. dreamlike atmosphere, Gothic mysticism, demonism
b. compelling conversational powers
structure
The first stanzas are products of pure imagination the pleasuredome of kubla khan is not a uful metaphor for anything in particular, however, it is a fantastically prodigious descriptive act. The poem becomes especially evocative when after the cond stanza, the meter suddenly tightens the resulting lines are ter and solid, almost beating out the sound of the war drums. The fourth stanza states the theme of the poem as a whole where the speaker once had a vision of the daml singing of Mount Abora, and the dangerous power of the vision.
George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
Points of view:
Politically Byron has a strong passion for liberty and an inten hatred for all tyrants.
Artistically, Byron continued in the tradition of classicism that had been advocated by the writers of the Enlightenment in the 18th century.
Major works
Don Juan
Don Juan is a great comic epic, a poem bad on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.
Special features:
Byron’s diction, though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor.
The glowing imagination of the poet ris and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and ntiments.
Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italian mock-heroic poetry.
Selected works
1. “Song for the Luddites”
This is one of the two poems written by Byron to show his consistent support or the Luddites The poet’s great sympathy for the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown
“The Isles of Greece”(from Don Juan, Canto III)至若春和景明
It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterances on national freedom
This song consists of sixteen six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of ababcc.
1. His works and themes
a. Childe Harold s pilgrimage -------a young wanderer questing for freedom
b. Don Juan --------a panoramic view of different types of society
2. Characterization
the Byronic hero
3. Features
