History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)
美国文学史及选读1、2
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学
1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English ttlements in Virginia and Massachutts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史
3.First colonies: named after English monarchs and English lands: Georgia, Carolina, Maryland, New York, New Hampshire, and New England(including 6 states)
4.美国最早殖民者(earliest ttlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugue (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
5.First writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the ttlements. 采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with den forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
6.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English ttlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
7.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th C.早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.
8.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.
9.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpo and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they t themlves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，
节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford 威廉·布拉德福德
兵齐步
Plymouth first governor：William Bradford← Puritan+ Separatist(1590-1657)
Boston第一任首长： John Winthrop.
综合评价法1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its 写春天的现代诗direct带花的诗句 reporting, make it readable and moving.罗红霉素片1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”
2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.
3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好
的文学作品 the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous pro style, each account literary excellence.
4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themlves as a chon people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defen of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”. Wish to restore simplicity and authority of the Bible to theology. 2 groups: 1) Plymouth Plantation group--most extreme puritans, “Separatists” 2) Massachutts Bay group, wish to reform the church but remain a part of it.
二、John Cotton 约翰·科顿
1．John Cotton称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为 he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位84年属啥清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1．Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets and the first female writer of 17th C. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachutts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2．她的第一部作品梦见家中被盗由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Mu Lately S
prung Up in America”.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.
3．Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-venteenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems bad directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
1．托马斯·佩因《常识》 Thomas Paine ---one of the founding fathers : 1）Common Sen 2） the American crisis 3) the Age of Reason 4) Declaration of Independence
托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”, mai
n drafter
2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.
贵阳美食攻略
