研学游作文背景知识：毒品知识简介
What is Cocaine?
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine was labeled the drug of the 1980s and ‘90s becau of its extensive popularity and u during this period. However, cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known drugs. The pure chemical, cocaine hydrochloride, has been an abud substance for more than 100 years and coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been ingested for thousands of years.
Pure cocaine was first extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush, which grows primarily in Peru and Bolivia, in the mid-19th century. In the early 1900s, it became the main stimulant drug ud in most of the tonics/elixirsthat were developed to treat a wide variety of illness. Today, cocaine is a Schedule II drug, meaning that it has highpotential for abu but can be administered by a doctor for legitimate medical us, such as local anesthesia for some eye, ear, and throat surgeries.鹌鹑蛋汤
There are basically two chemical forms of cocaine: the hydrochloride salt and the “freeba.” The hydrochloride salt, or powdered form of cocaine, dissolves in water and, when abud, can be taken intravenously (by vein) or intranasally(in the no). Freeba refers to a compound that has not been n
eutralized by an acid to make the hydrochloride salt. The freeba form of cocaine is smokable.
会要Cocaine is generally sold on the street as a fine, white, crystalline powder, known as “coke,” “C,” “snow,” “flake,” or “blow.”Street dealers generally dilute it with such inert substances as cornstarch, talcum powder, and/or sugar, or with such active drugs as rocaine (a chemically related local anesthetic) or with such other stimulants as amphetamines.
What is crack?
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Crack is the street name given to a freeba form of cocaine that has been procesd from the powdered cocaine hydrochloride form to a smokable substance. The term “crack” refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked. Crack cocaine is procesd with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and
water, and heated to remove the hydrochloride.
Becau crack is smoked, the ur experiences a high in less than 10 conds. This rather immediate and euphoric effect is one of the reasons that crack became enormously popular in the mid 1980s. Another reason is that crack is inexpensive both to produce and to buy. Crack cocaine re
mains a rious problem in the United States. The National Survey on Drug U and Health (NSDUH) estimated the number of current crack urs to be about 567,000 in 2002.
What is the scope of cocaine u in the United States?
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In 2002, an estimated 1.5 million Americans could be classified as dependent on or abusing cocaine in the past 12 months, according to the NSDUH. The same survey estimates that there are 2.0 million current (past-month) urs.
Cocaine initiation steadily incread during the 1990s, reaching 1.2 million in 2001.
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Adults 18 to 25 years old have a higher rate of current cocaine u than tho in any other age group. Overall, men have a higher rate of current cocaine u than do women. Also, according to the 2002 NSDUH, estimated rates of current cocaine urs were 2.0 percent for American Indians or Alaskan Natives, 1.6 percent for African-Americans, 0.8 percent for both Whites and Hispanics, 0.6 percent for Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders, and 0.2 percent for Asians.
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The 2003 Monitoring the Future Survey, which annually surveys teen attitudes and recent drug u, reports that crack cocaine u decread among 10th-graders in 30-day, annual, and lifetime u pr
新制氯水的成分evalence periods. This was the only statistically significant change affecting cocaine in any form. Past-year u of crack declined from 2.3 percent in 2002 to 1.6 percent in 2003. Last year, the rate incread from 1.8 percent to 2.3 percent, and this year’s decline brings it to approximately its 2001 level.
Data from the Drug Abu Warning Network (DAWN) showed that cocaine-related emergency department visits incread 33 percent between 1995 and 2002, rising from 58 to 78 mentions per 100,000 population.
