第七讲 汉英语篇翻译（一）
由于汉英两种语言的显著差异，与英译汉相似，汉译英时，不仅要着眼于每个句子，更应着眼于句子所在的段落乃至篇章，否则，所给出的译文即使每个句子均没什么毛病，但整个篇章却缺乏必要的统一、连贯和衔接，不符合英语的行文习惯。因此，第七、八讲审视汉语段落及由多段组成的汉语篇章的英译问题。
一、 英语语篇诸要素
因为篇幅及时间有限，本讲仅以英语段落为例
下面我们就审视连句成段的主要手段。如果我们对此重视了，把汉语翻译为英语时，就能保证所译出的英语在段落和篇章层次上也能显得较为地道。
连句成段的手段主要有3种：
1. 语法连接
1） 时体连接
Robert says we can offer the poor respect. And what might they offer back? The constituency had a rude cheer for it.
罗伯特说我们可以给穷人以尊重。但穷人会有什么反映呢？那个选区早就对此喝了倒彩。
2） 替代
The babysitter looks after my daughter every weekend. But she can’t do in the end of the mester becau she has to prepare for the final examination.
保姆每周末都照料我女儿。但期末她不行，因为她要准备终考。
3） 省略
Here is a red silk blou and a blue one. The blue ems to suit you better.
有一件红色的真丝罩衫和一件蓝色的。蓝的似乎更适合你穿。
Overall, the communities on CompuSever tend to be more professional; tho on America Online, affluent young singles; Prodigy, family-oriented.
总的来说，经常上“计算机服务网”的群体一般是专业技术人员；上“美国在线”网的一般是富有的独身者；“奇才网”则面向家庭。
4） 同构: 平行结构
If you always yield to impul, you are mad. If you never yield to impul, you gradually dry up and very likely become mad to boot.
如果你总是屈从于冲动，你便是个疯子。如果你从不屈从于冲动，那你就会渐渐地失去生气，而且很可能也会疯掉。
2. 词汇连接
1) 照应
A. 人称照应：人称代词
In my own rearch, complaints from women about their husbands most often focud on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husb
and to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. Instead, they focud on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me,” “He doesn’t talk to me.”
在我本人的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实际的不平等现象，例如，为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己事业的机会，或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过日常份内的部分。她们的抱怨总是集中在交流的问题上,比如“他不听我说话”，“他不和我说话”。
B. 指示照应：this吓字组词， that， here，there
I like that. He damages my bike and then blames for letting him u it.
他把我的自行车弄坏了，还责怪我借给他车。我真是自讨苦吃。
Here is the news. A diplomat was kidnapped last night in London….
下面是新闻。昨天夜里，有位外交官在伦敦被。……
夏天是什么颜色的
C．比较照应
At first glance the scientist’s reproduction of the ancient mastodon (柱牙象) look very much like our modern-day elephant. … But a clor inspection reveals some differences between the pre-historic creature and the modern one.
乍看上去，科学家制造的柱牙象复制品与我们的现代象十分相像。……但仔细审视一下就会发现，这头史前动物与现代象有些不同。
2）语义的重复出现
A．关键词重复
I say to you, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream that deeply rooted in the American dream.
朋友们，今天我要告诉你们，尽管当前还有很多困难挫折，我仍然怀有一个梦想。这个梦想深深扎根于美国人的梦想之中。
B．用同义词，近义词
辅酶q10用量It does em strange that only a century and a half ago dinosaurs were quite unknown. Dinosaurs were still to be discovered, studied and described卫生间玻璃隔断.
想来的确奇怪，就在一个半世纪前，人们对恐龙还一无所知。恐龙尚有待发现、研究，它的模样尚有待想像。
C. 平行结构
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the south. 中国影视大乐园With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. …
这就是我的希望。这就是我带回南方的信念。怀着这一信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。怀着这一信念，我们能将我国种族不和的喧嚣变为一曲友爱的乐章。
3. 逻辑连接
1) 时间型连接
I can’t tell you how glad we were to e each other again. We ud to be very great friends before she went to live abroad. I hadn’t en her for – let me e – ten or twelve years, at least.
我说不清我们不久前再次见面时是多么高兴。她移居国外前，我们一直是非常要好的朋友。我至少——让我想一想——有10到12年没见到她了。
2) 空间型
This is flying. The wind press the goggles (防风镜) to my face. I am strapped in a bucket at with nothing around and beneath me but space. I look past my feet to the brown California hills and the bank of grey clouds covering the Pacific a thousand feet below.
这就是飞行。疾风使防风镜紧紧贴在我的脸上。我坐在凹背单人座椅上，身上系着安全带，上下左右除天空外，什么也没有。从脚下望去，我看到加利福尼亚棕色的群山，以及覆盖着太平洋1000英尺上空的灰色云层。
鏖战什么意思
3) 因果
Look at the sample questions, and make sure that you understand how answers are marked. If the test is to be machine-scored, be particularly careful in marking answers. There will be no human scorer to help you by trying to make out what you mean.
请看例题，弄清如何标明答案。要是机器评分，划答案时就要特别小心，因为课间文明游戏不会有阅卷人来分辨你的意思。
4) 推延：并举，增添，详述，总结等
Once when she was touring in South America, she drove the men so mad that they had to have a lottery for her. Yes, a singular idea, but not really so strange in Cuba, where, we leave everything to chance, even the pretty women.
1岁宝宝身高体重
有一次她在南美巡回演出，真倾倒终生，男人竟为她买起彩票来。这算是别出心裁，但在古巴不足为怪，古巴人干任何事都相信运气，连欣赏漂亮女人也不例外。
5) 其他型：转折，分类型，例证型，等等
总之，英语连句成段，乃至连段成章都有各种各样微妙的手段，所以，我们所译出的各个英语句子之间，乃至各个段落之间，一定要善于运用英语衔接与连贯的各种手段与策略。
