一、文学特征：
深圳买房资格1、environment：①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境
②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾
3、romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
★4、transcendentalism超验主义：
①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted
feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
克己复礼③they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
④it could exerci a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourlf back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of cour, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
林志炫身高
⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善
Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced rmons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
6、Imaginative literature想象类文学
7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language小米预约”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction脚后跟疼是什么原因 with increasing freq
uency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” 运动会活动方案Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。
二、代表作家：
50个成语小故事简短1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution
① the first great pro stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
青蛙蹦蹦跳②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infud with psychological
subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
⑤ manner 形式 > matter 内容 ； avoid moralization教化 to entertain娱乐 / amu消遣
传说在美国独立战争时期的一次战役中，一个赫塞骑兵的头被炮弹打飞了。时候，他的阴魂常骑马在夜间飞驰，到战场上去寻找他的头颅。在睡谷有位从康涅狄格州来的教师，名叫伊卡包德·克兰，他对那些离奇的传说笃信不疑。他看上了当地一位殷实的荷兰农夫的独生女儿卡特琳娜·凡·塔塞尔。但他有许多情敌，其中最可怕的是一个名为布鲁姆·凡·布兰特的乡村小伙子。一天晚上，伊卡包德去参加凡·塔塞尔家的晚会。布鲁姆也在场，并讲到他半夜遇到无头骑士的故事，伊卡包德听了头皮发麻。晚会后他独自骑马回家，在小河边同无头骑士相遇，被那骑士用手中拿着的头打昏倒地。从此伊卡包德再也没有露面。次日人们在桥头发现了他的帽子和一个碎得稀烂的南瓜，以为他已死去。几年后，一个到过纽约的老农说，伊卡包德还活着，并且做了法官。而布鲁姆在伊卡包德失踪后不久就和卡塔琳娜结了婚。每当人们提起那个南瓜的事，他就捧腹大笑，使人不能不怀疑他同那件事有瓜
葛。最后布鲁姆被赶出本不属于他的村庄，于是边地小村庄又恢复了平静。
作品评价
在《睡谷的传说》中克莱恩看着地里的牲畜家禽，想像着它们在饭桌上让人美餐的情景等等，读来令人忍俊不禁。欧文的文风模仿中有创新，形成了自己独特的风格。著名女作家张爱玲曾翻译过《睡谷的传说》。
《睡谷的传说》自1912年首次搬上银幕以来，曾有多个电影版本相继面世，其中迪斯尼的卡通版《无头骑士传奇》最为深入人心。1999年，好莱坞著名导演、悬念大师蒂姆·伯顿（Tim Burton）将《睡谷的传说》改编后重拍（片名为《Sleepy Hollow》），在戏剧化与幽默感兼顾的情况下将欧文的小说原著提升到一个新高度。同时，曾为《星球大战》系列影片以及《终结者》等片制作数码特效的工业光魔公司，成功为影片营造出的令人毛骨悚然的恐怖场面将使该片毫无争议地跻身经典恐怖片之列。
Legend in the American War of independence in the battle, his head was a cavalry artillery shells hit fly. Time, his soul often riding at night is speeding, into battle to find his
head. In the sleeping valley a from Connecticut to teacher named Icarus, Bao De crane, to tho who believe in strange tales. He has a crush on a local rich Holland farmer's only daughter of Katerina von Searl. But he had many rivals, one of the most terrible is a named Bloom von Hildebrandt country boy. One night, he and Bao De went to van Searl 's party. Bloom was also prent, and the start of his midnight encounters a headless knight story, Icarus Bao De listened to the scalp. After the party he was riding home, in a small river with the headless horman meet, is that the knight with hands holding head fell to the ground unconscious. Bao De has not appeared since icarus. The next day people in the bridge found his hat and a broken shards of pumpkin, thought he was dead. A few years later, a farmer says to New York, the Bao De is still alive, and made the judge. Bloom Bao De disappeared soon after the Icarus and Katharina get married. Whenever people mention the pumpkin thing, he uproarious, make people not doubt him with that matter. Finally Bloom was out of this does not belong to his village, then edge village was calm again. Evaluation of works in" the legend of Sleepy Hollow" in Klein watch in livestock and poultry, imagine them at the table for dinner scene and so on, is re
ad to simmer with laughter. Erwin's writing style in imitation innovation, formed its own unique style. The famous writer Eileen Chang had translated" the legend of Sleepy Hollow". " The legend of Sleepy Hollow" for the first time since 1912 on screen since, there have been many versions of the film come out in succession, in which the Disney version of" legend" the headless knight to win support among the people. 1999, Hollywood famous director of master of suspen, Tim Burton ( Tim Burton ) will be" the legend of Sleepy Hollow" after the adaptation remake ( called" Sleepy Hollow" ), drama and humor in both cas will be Erwin's original novel to a new level. At the same time, was the" Star Wars" and" terminator" ries of films such as film production digital effects of industrial light and magic, for the success of the film to create a with one's hair standing on end scenes of horror will make the film beyond dispute among the classic horror movie list.
