附录
Plant Protection
Abstract
The cards on the upper surface were blue, says [John Howell]. In many cas, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. "If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get the cards from machinery dealers," says Howell. "It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all the sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers."
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[Headnote] |
Increa yields by making sure your pumpkin and squash crops are adequately covered with a crop protectant. |
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OVER the years, dia pressure on pumpkins and winter squash, especially in the Northeast, has become more vere. More than 30 years ago, the crops were not typicall
y sprayed with fungicides or incticides becau it simply wasn't necessary. Dia and inct pressure wasn't that significant - back then.
Fast forward to about 15 years ago, and things were beginning to change. According to John Howell, retired extension vegetable specialist at the University of Massachutts, as demand for the crops, especially pumpkins for Halloween, incread, so did production and the spread of plant dia, particularly black rot. The result was that spraying became a necessity.
"Growers didn't want to drive through their fields with a sprayer becau they would squash a few squash, and pumpkins," says Howell. "We had to convince them that losing a few plants this way was better than losing much more to dia."
Sprayer Vs. Sprayer
According to Howell, most growers u high-pressure volume sprayers to apply incticides and fungicides to row crops. Some u air blast sprayers and low-volume units.
屈原的名言
From past rearch spraying incticides and fungicides on pumpkins and squash, Howell learned that none of the sprayer types worked as well as they would have liked them to. Low-volume and air blast sprayers fell short in being able to successfully penetrate the canopy and achieve good leaf coverage.
Low-volume sprayers, says Howell, are typically ud to spray herbicides directly on the soil, so applying product to plant leaves to prevent dia isn't the main goal. The air blast units, he learned, had difficulty getting coverage under the plant canopy. Of the three types, the high-pressure volume sprayers provided the best coverage to plant leaves.
星辰口红"They all did a good job on the upper surfaces of the upper leaves," he explains. "However, you also want to be able to get the lower leaves that are lower in the canopy and the undersides of tho leaves, as well. I think slowly more growers are becoming more aware of this issue with spray coverage."
During his rearch, Howell employed the u of water-nsitive cards. The yellow car
苕粉是什么做的ds were clipped on the top upper leaves of plants and on leaves lower to the ground. Water was substituted for a crop protectant so rearchers could walk through the fields after the plants were sprayed. Cards that got wet turned blue.
给组词The cards on the upper surface were blue, says Howell. In many cas, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. "If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get the cards from machinery dealers," says Howell. "It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all the sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers."
Using a high-pressure sprayer filled with water, the yellow waternsitive cards turned blue where water droplets hit them. The top card ? in each column is from an upper leaf, top surface. The cond card is from an upper leaf, underside; the third card is a lower leaf, top surface; and the fourth (lowest) card is from cloverleaf, underside. It was difficult to achieve good coverage on the undersides of leaves.每日分享正能量一段话 |
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Howell adds that spraying pumpkins and squash are particularly challenging, thanks to the amount of foliage that needs to be covered. Rearchers also are using water-nsitive cards to test the coverage of fungicides and incticides on other crops, such as sweet corn, he says.
长短脚[Sidebar] |
U The Right Nozzle |
JOHN Howell, a retired vegetable extension specialist at the University of Massachutts, says growers should u a high-pressure sprayer on their pumpkin and squash plants and they should u a solid-cone nozzle. Most sprayers, he says, come with hollow-cone nozzles. "A solid cone has a narrower angle and tends to push the spray material further into the foliage," he explains. 心肌梗塞怎么治疗 |
He also tells growers to not exceed speeds of 2 miles per hour when spraying becau it takes time to push the spray material down into the canopy. "If you are traveling too fast, you won't get good penetration of the foliage," he says. "You have to give the solution time to get down into the foliage as you pass over the crop." |
Angling the nozzle also helps. On most boom or high-pressure sprayers, growers can loon the clamps on the boom, and angle it about 15 to 20 degrees forward as oppod to facing it straight down. By tting the nozzle on an angle, it tends to stir up the leaves a little bit and aids in the penetration of the canopy, says Howell. |
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