语言学--Chapter-3

更新时间:2023-06-08 20:30:04 阅读：评论：0

Chapter 3: Tables and Exercis

Table 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds.

尊老爱幼的小故事

Feature name	Classificatory possibilities	English gments
Voice	[+voice]	b, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,dз , ŋ , ð , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels)
Voice	[-voice]	p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃ
Place	[labial]	p, b, m, f, v
	[denti-alveolar]	θ, ð , t, d, n, s, z, l, r
	[palatal]	ʃ, 3, j (and front vowels)
	[velar]	k, g, w ( and back vowels)
Stop	[stop]	p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n
	[fricative]	f, s, v, z, ʃ, 3, θ, ð
	[Approximant]	w, r, l, j (and all vowels)
Nasal	[+nasal]	m, n, ŋ
Nasal	[-nasal]	( all other speech sounds)
Lateral	[+lateral]	l
Lateral	[-lateral]朱文龙	( all other speech sounds)
Sibilant	[+sibilant]	s, z, ʃ, 3 , tʃ, dз
Sibilant	[-sibilant]	( all other speech sounds)
Height	[maximum]	( all consonants except w, j )
	[4 height]	i: , u:, w, j
	[3 height]	ei, i, əu, u
	[2 height]	e, ɔ
	[1 height]	æ, ɑ:

同业拆借

Back	[+back]	u: , u, ɔ:, ɔ, əu, ɑ:, w, k, g
Back	[-back]	i, i:, ei, e, æ ( and all other consonants)
Syllabic	[+syllabic]	all vowels and some consonants as m, n, ŋ , l, r
Syllabic	[-syllabic]	all other consonants, including w, j .

(Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision)

路由器信道

音节
◌̩	ɹ̩ n̩	成音节	◌̯	e̯ ʊ̯	不成音节
除阻
◌ʰ	tʰ	送气[a]	◌̚	d̚	无声除阻
◌ʱ	dʱ	送气[a]	◌̚	d̚	无声除阻
◌ⁿ	dⁿ	鼻音除阻	◌ˡ	dˡ	边音除阻
发音
◌̥	n̥ d̥	浊音清化	◌̬	s̬ t̬	浊化
◌̤	b̤ a̤	漏气音[b]	◌̰	b̰ a̰	吱嘎音
发音部位
◌̪	t̪ d̪	齿化	◌̼	t̼ d̼	舌唇化
◌̺	t̺ d̺	舌尖化	◌̻	t̻ d̻	舌叶化
◌̟	u̟ t̟	较前	◌̠	i̠ t̠	较后
◌̈	ë ä	较央	◌̽	e̽ ɯ̽	中央化
◌̝	e̝ ɹ̝	较高（抬）(ɹ̝ = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音)
◌˔	˔	较高（抬）(ɹ̝ = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音)
◌̞	e̞ β̞	较低（降）(β̞ = 双唇近音)
◌˕	˕	较低（降）(β̞ = 双唇近音)
协同发音
◌̹	ɔ̹ x̹	更圆唇	◌̜	ɔ̜ x̜ʷ	更展唇

◌ʷ	tʷ dʷ	唇化或唇-软颚化	◌ʲ	tʲ dʲ	颚化
◌ˠ	tˠ dˠ	软腭化	◌ˤ	tˤ aˤ	喉壁化
◌ᶣ	tᶣ dᶣ	唇-卷舌化	◌̴	ɫz̴	软腭化或喉壁化
◌̘	e̘ o̘	舌根前移	◌̙	e̙ o̙	舌根后移
◌̃	ẽ z̃	鼻音化	◌˞	ɚ ɝ	卷舌化

( 2 ) V(owel) [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $

This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece:

V [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $

Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within a

environment gments syllable

(8)The syllable structure for the words with one syllable:

多人性派对 σ

Ont Rhyme

Nucleus 徐奥 Coda

s p l i n t s → [splints]

(10). The syllable structure for words with more than one syllable

σ σ

Ont Rhyme Ont Rhyme

Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda

s e n t r ə l [ntrəl] central

(11) Some examples for the words with one syllable.

Front ont ont back ont vowel front coda coda back coda back coda back coda

（1）（2）（3）

Nucleus

ont (peak)　总是放屁是什么原因　 coda

e.g.: eye ai [ai]

友谊与成长同行 it i t [it]

me m i: [mi:]

bit b i t [bit]

scrimps s k r i m p s [skrimps]

screen s k r i: n [skri:n]

twelfths t w e l f θ s [twelfθs]

(12) Different intonations reprenting different attitudes of the speaker(Radford 2000:48).

a. b. c. d. e.

me me ? me! me me ?!

eat peas eat peas ? eat peas ! eat peas eat peas ?!

↓ ↗ ￣↘ ／￣↘↗

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