第7课 关于日本的贸易地位
Japan Says No
TOKYO
America wants Japan to meet import targets for some American goods.An unwilling Japan has decided to draw the line.
美国希望日本达到进口美国货物的指标，不那么情愿的日本决定划定最低界线。
Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer, it ems.The Clinton administration strongly believes in 关于过年的歌曲exerting such pressure.Its policy is to open some Japane markets (which it deems to be clod) by tting import targets—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”.This ugly term foreshadows uncertain conquences.Far from capitulating 检讨书格式模板to this new thrust要点，目标 of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-pacific confrontation.
从前，日本面对外来压力时，或者勉强屈服，或者保持沉默，并希望这种压力逐渐消失。但现这种情况已经一去不复返了。克林顿政府热衷于拖加这样的压力（依然认为对日施加贸易压力会有效果。）其政策是通过设定进口指标来打开日本某些市场（美国认为日本某些市场是对外封闭的）——这种方法被其支持者称为“以结果为导向”贸易政策。这种牵强的说法预示着不确定的后果。日本非但没有屈服于美国的强硬贸易政策反而采取了一种可能会导致太平洋双岸对抗的矛盾（美日贸易冲突的立场）。
Japan’s government is deeply oppod to what America’s trade reprentative, Mickey Kantor, has called a new policy geared to “quantifiable results” for some products.It fears that the demands and threats which are part of any such policy are bound to刷qq会员 spread—both within product groups and to new areas of trade.At the summit meeting last month between Bill Clinton and Japan’s prime minister, Kiichi Miyazawa, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets.Japan’s government will refu.
日本政府强烈反对美国贸易代表米奇坎特所称的使某些产品适合小河图片 “定量结果”的新政策。日
本担心美国这种要求和威协只是其强硬贸易政策的部分，而注定要扩散。两者都会扩散到产品整个类别并扩散到新的贸易领域。在上月比尔·克林顿和日本首相宫泽喜一的两国领导人峰会上，美国坚持要求日本拿出满足新的进口指标的具体措施。日本政府将会拒绝这一要求。
Instead, Japan is undertaking 着手做a detailed defence of its record on trade.This will first appear in the annual white paper on trade developments due to be published on May 21st by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)—its definitive statement on trade matters.In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year’s edition will put Japan’s side of an argument that has, until now, been dominated by American and European critiques.It follows another MITI report, published this week that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for 指责某人 their “unfair trading practices”.Both reports argue for trade governed by multilateral rules and 自制鸡米花call for the completion of the Uruguay round of trade talks.
相反，日本正为其贸易记录进行具体的辩护。这将首次出现在日本通商产业省将于5月21
日发布的关于贸易发展的年度白皮书中，这是该省有关贸易事务的权威性阐述。今年的白皮书除了常规的直截了当的分析外，还要提出日本的态度，而以前则是美欧的评论占主导地位。此前，在本周通产省曾发布了另一份报告，谴责美国、欧共体和其他主要贸易伙伴采取了“不公平的贸易做法”。两份报告都认为贸易由多边贸易规则管理并呼吁完成乌拉圭回合贸易谈判。
蓝藻是植物吗
Besides making worthy free-trade nois, MITI's defence will also tackle American criticism head on.Naoyuki Haraoka, director of MITI's international trade rearch office is at pains to point out that Japan is in fact more open than other countries.Japan’s average tariff on mining and manufactured goods is 2.7%, compared with 4.2% in America and 4.6% in the European community.The report will also reject驳斥 the argument that Japan needs special trade sanctions becau it operates a different sort of capitalism.It will try to do so by explaining the nature and future of the country’s trade surplus.
除了发表有价值的自由贸易议论以外，也将针对美国的批评进行辩护。通产省国际贸易研
究室主任叶廊不遗余力指出，日本实际上比其他国家更开放。日本对矿产品和工业制成品的平均关税是2.7％，而美国是4.2％，欧共体是4.6处女和天蝎％。该报告还将驳斥一种认为由于日本的资本主义制度与他国不同，则需对其实施特殊的贸易制裁的论断。报告将阐述日本贸易顺差的本质和前景来达到此目的。
It is this persistent surplus, more than anything, that has provoked anger in Washington—and Mr.Clinton’s remark that “the possibility of obtaining real, even access to the Japane market is somewhat remote”.This year the surplus has been growing fast.Jesper Koll, a Tokyo-bad economist at S.G.Warburg, estimates that Japan’s trade surplus could reach $200 billion if the yen stays at current levels.That is $68 billion more than last year’s figure.Moreover, the bilateral surplus with America is also growing rapidly.Mr.Koll reckons it will climb from $44 billion in 1992 to $78 billion this year, an all-time high.With the economy still barely growing, despite two fiscal packages in the past nine months, Japan’s critics say that the country is once more exporting its way out of recession.
正是也仅仅是由于持续的贸易顺差，而非其他什么东西，激起了华盛顿的愤怒。克林顿说“想要真正获得日本市场甚至是进入日本市场都很遥远”。今年日本贸易顺差增长很快。S.G.瓦尔堡位于东京的经济学家杰斯帕科尔估计，如果日元维持目前的水平，今年日本贸易顺差会达到2000活动分区亿美元而比去年增长680亿美元。而且与美国双边贸易顺差也在迅速增长。据科尔估计，日美双边贸易顺差将会从1992年的440亿美元增长到今年的780亿美元而创下历史最高记录。尽管在过去的9个月里日本政府推出了实施了两个财政一揽子计划，但日本经济仍增长缓慢。批评人士指出日本又一次在利用出口摆脱经济衰退的困境。
One defence the ministry will make is that most trade statistics ignore rvices.MITI estimates, using data from the Bank of Japan, that if Japan’s import of rvices had been included in its trade statistics, then the grade surplus would have been $84 billion, $48 billion lower than reported.Exclusive惟一的 attention to trade in goods is therefore misleading.MITI wants to e better collection of statistics for trade in rvices by international bodies such as the OECD.
通产省还准备了这样的反驳，多数贸易统计忽略了服务贸易，根据日本银行的统计，如果
算上日本的服务贸易进口，那么其贸易顺差将是840亿美元，比现在报告的数据低480亿美元。因此，只关注货物贸易是有误导性的。通产省希望看到经合组织等国际组织收集更好的服务贸易统计数据。
