Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan who productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japane are eing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being， but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs， and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japane students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition， far more Japane workers expresd dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praid by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics， Japane education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and lf-expression. “Tho things that do not show up in the test scores—personality，ability， courage or humanity are completely ignored，” says Toshiki Kaifu， chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced
2125 incidents of school violence， including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry， many conrvative leaders are eking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raid eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the “Japane morality of respect for parents”。
But that may have more to do with Japane life-styles. “In Japan，” says educator Yoko Muro， “it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life， but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation houholds. Urban Japane have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work） and crowded living conditions， but as the old group and family values weaken， the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade， the Japane divorce rate， while still well below that of the United States， has incread by more than 50 percent， and suicides have incread by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes， the postwar Japan was________.
（A）under aimless development我们的教训
（B）a positive example
（C）a rival to the West
（D）on the decline
64. According to the author， what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japane society？
（A）Women's participation in social activities is limited.
（B）More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
（C）Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
（D）The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author？
（A）Japane education is praid for helping the young climb the social ladder
（B）Japane education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
（C）More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
（D）Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japane Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
（A）the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
（B）the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
关于网络推广 （C）the Japane endure more than ever before
（D）the Japane appreciate their prent life
答案及试题解析
火辣辣的什么 BDCA
63.（B）意为：正⾯的例⼦。
第⼀段第⼀句指出，战后，⽇本的⽣产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展⽬标明确（主句的直译意思是：⽆⽬标性⼀直不是⽇本的特点）。
A意为：处于⽆⽬标的发展状态下。
C意为：是西⽅国家的劲敌。
D意为：正在⾛下坡路。
64.（D）意为：⽣活⽅式受西⽅价值观的影响。
第⼀段指出，⽇本⼈越来越多地⽬睹着⼀场传统的⼯作道德价值观的沦丧。⼗年前，年轻⼈⼯作努⼒，将⼯作看作是⽣存（being）的重要动⼒；但是，⽇本⽬前在很⼤程度上满⾜了其经济发展的需要，年轻⼈反⽽不知道下⼀步的发展⽬标了。
在第⼆、三段，⽂章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第⼀句，作者指出，这（that指上⼀段提到的现象）也许更多地是与⽇本⼈的⽣活⽅式有关（have…… to do with意为：与……有关）。
A意为：妇⼥参加社会活动受到限制。第⼆段第⼀句的意思是：随着战后进⼊⾼⽣育时期，并随着妇⼥进⼊过去男⼈占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进⼊好学校或获得好⼯作——所做出的巨⼤的个⼈牺牲提出质疑。
B意为：更多的⼯⼈对⾃⼰的⼯作感到不满。
C意为：过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国⼈经常称赞⽇本教育对基础训练的强调，⽇本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，⽽忽视丁创造⼒和⾃我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造⼒和⾃我表达的培养也是不对的。这⾥，强调基础是教育的⽬的，强调考试和机械的学习是⽇本实现这⼀⽬的的⽅法；⽬标并没有错（不会导致道德⽔平的下降），错误的是实现这⼀⽬标的⽅法。
65.（C）意为：应该更多地强调创造⼒的培养。
参阅第64题题解。
A意为：⽇本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻⼈爬上社会阶梯。⽇本的教育受到外国⼈赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项（C）的解释。
B意为：⽇本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造⼒。参阅第64题对选择项（C）的解释。
D意为：失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上⼀句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能⼒、勇⽓或⼈性教育）的反感使孩⼦们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项（D）颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。
66.（A）意为：年轻⼈更难以忍受⽣活中的困难。
根据Yoko Muro的观点，对⽇本⼈来说，问题⼀直不是⼀个他们能否享受⼯作和⽣活的问题，⽽是⼀个他们有多⼤的承受⼒的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来⼀直承受着上下班时间长和⽣活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表⾯化了（tell意为：产⽣影响；显现出来）。这⾥的意思是，⽇本⼈以前默默地忍受⽣活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的⽇本⼈觉得这种牺牲太⼤，对此产⽣了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。
B意为：⽇本⼈的离婚率超过了美国⼈。根据第四段最后⼀句，⽇本⼈的离婚率仍然⼤⼤地（well）低于美国⼈。
C意为：⽇本⼈⽐以前需要忍受的东西更多了。
D意为：⽇本⼈喜欢⾃⼰⽬前的⽣活⽅式。
翻译句⼦
1、Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan who productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
[参考译⽂]毫⽆⽬标极少能被认为是战后⽇本——⼀个⽣产⼒的迅猛发展及社会的安定和谐⾜以让欧美各国眼红的国家的典型特征。
1981年多少岁 [结构剖析]who productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。
[阅读重点]千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not.
2、Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raid eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japane morality of respect for parents.”
[参考译⽂]去年，当担任教育部长职务的漱户光夫争辩说⼆战后由美国占领*引⼈的⾃由主义⾰新削弱了⽇本民族“尊敬⽗母的道德品质”的时候，舆论哗然。
[结构剖析]本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raid eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定
语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japane morality of respect for parents.”是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the “Japane morality of respect for parents”，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。
[阅读重点]注意raid eyebrows是“瞋⽬”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。
补充难句翻译
1、The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[参考译⽂]战后婴⼉潮⼀代的步⼈成年以及⼥性打⼈男性主导的劳动⼒市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上⽇本国内那通往优秀学校和体⾯⼯作的严酷的社会阶梯⽽做出的巨⼤的个⼈牺牲。
[结构剖析]本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，⽽who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs⼜是personal sacrifices的补语。
[阅读重点]age是“时代”，表⽰这⼀代已经成为社会的主⼒军；baby boom指在战后的“⽣育⾼峰，婴⼉潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。
2、With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation houholds.[参考译⽂]随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1 .19亿公民，其中整整76%的⼈⼝定居城市；在这⾥，原来的社区和多代同堂的⼤家庭已被摒弃，取⽽代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代⼈组成的核⼼家庭。
[结构剖析]has come centralization是⼀个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come.Where引导的定语从句修饰cities.
[阅读重点]本句中须弄清⼀些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；houholds家庭。
语⾔点详解
1.aimlessness⽆⽬的[⼤纲词汇] aim n.⽬的，⽬标[衍⽣词汇] aimless a.⽆⽬的的aimlessness n.⽆⽬的[经典例句]The young generation tends to be affected by aimlessness.
2.harmony和睦[⼤纲词汇]harmony n.协调，和谐；融洽[经典例句]There are perfect harmony between the two brothers.
3.envy羡慕[⼤纲词汇]envy v./n.羡慕；嫉妒[衍⽣词汇]envious a.羡慕的，嫉妒的[经典例句]His new hou was the envy of his friends.
4. work-moral⼯作道德
5.being⽣存[⼤纲词汇]being n.⽣物，⼈；存在，⽣存[经典例句」No one can deprive others of their being.
6.man-dominated男⼈占优势的[⼤纲词汇] dominate v.⽀配，统治，控制；占优势[经典例句] Many feminists believe that we are still in a male-dominated society.
7.sacrifice牺牲[⼤纲词汇] sacrifice n.牺牲，献⾝，牺牲品；祭品，供物；v.（for，to）牺牲，献出；献祭[经典例
aim什么意思句]Parents will always make sacrifice to their children.
8.rigid严格的[⼤纲词汇] rigid a.刚性的；刻板的；严厉的[经典例句]Rigid traditions melt away.
9. social ladder社会阶梯
10.dissatisfaction不满[⼤纲词汇] dissatisfy v.（with，at）使不满，使不平[衍⽣词汇]dissatisfaction n.不满[经典例句]We detected his dissatisfaction from his appearance.
11.counterpart对应的⼈[⼤纲词汇] counterpart n.对应的⼈（物）[经典例句] The organization has established contacts with its counterparts in more than twenty countries.
12.basic基本原则[⼤纲词汇]basic a.基础的，基本的[扩充词义] basic n.[pl.]基本原理，基本原则，基本规律，基本因素[经典例句]He has mastered the basics of cooking.
13.lf-expression⾃我表现[扩充词汇]lf-expression n.（在⾔⾏、⽂学艺术作品⽅⾯的）⾃我表现，个性表现[经典例句]The art teacher encouraged lf-expression in the children.
14.show up体现[⼤纲词汇]show up使呈现，使醒⽬；出席，到场[经典例句]The advantage of the technology will show up in the long run.
15.frustration失败[⼤纲词汇]frustrate v.挫败，阻挠，使灰⼼[衍⽣词汇]frustration n.挫败，阻挠；受挫；失败，失意[经典例句]He got drunk due to frustration over his work.
16.incident事件[⼤纲词汇] incident n.事件，事变[经典例句]The incident of plane crash will not change our plan.
17.assault攻击[⼤纲词汇]assault n./v.攻击，袭击[经典例句] We made an assault on the enemy fort.
18.amid在…之中[扩充词汇]amid prep.在…中间，在…之中[经典例句] He sat amid the ruins of his hou.
19.outcry强烈*[扩充词汇] outcry n.喊叫，呼号；强烈*，呐喊[经典例句]The newspaper editorials caud a public outcry against their indifference.
20.rai eyebrows竖起眉⽑表⽰怀疑[⼤纲词汇]eyebrow n.眉⽑[扩充词汇]rai eyebrows竖起眉⽑表⽰怀疑、惊奇[经典例句]The manager raid his eyebrow to his plan.
21. liberal reform⾃由主义改⾰[⼤纲词汇]liberal a.慷慨的，⼤⽅的；丰富的，富⾜的；⾃由的，思想开明的[经典例句]He is not satisfied with the liberal translation of his work.
22.occupation职业[⼤纲词汇] occupation n.占领，占据；占⽤；职业，⼯作[经典例句]Young people are trained in vocational schools for their future occupation.
23.weaken削弱[⼤纲词汇]weak a.虚弱的，软弱的；差的，不够标准的；淡薄的，稀的[衍⽣词汇]weaken v.使虚弱，使单薄[经典例句]The difficulties didn't weaken his decision to finish the work.
24.have more to do with和…有更⼤关系[⼤纲词汇] have（something）to do with和…有（点）关系[经典例句]His failure had a lot to do with his conceit.
25.endure承受[⼤纲词汇] endure v.忍受，持久，持续endurance n.忍耐（⼒），持久（⼒），耐久（⼒）[经典例句]She can no long endure his prejudice.
26.centralization集中[⼤纲词汇]central a.中⼼的，中央的，中枢的；主要的[衍⽣词汇]centralize v.使集中centralization n.集中，集于中⼼[经典例句]The centralization of power will lead to dictatorship.
27.commute乘公交车辆上下班[⼤纲词汇]commute v./n.乘公交车辆上下班，经常乘车（或船等）往返于两地[经典例句]It is an hour's commute to the university.
28.divorce离婚[⼤纲词汇]divorce n./v.离婚，分离[经典例句] The couple has parated and a divorce is inevitable.
食物中的营养物质 29.on the decline衰落[⼤纲词汇] decline v./n.下倾，下降，下垂，衰落，斜⾯，倾斜； v.拒绝，谢绝[扩充词汇] on the decline衰落[经典例句] The Roman Empire was on the decline at the beginning of the first century.
30.exceed超过[⼤纲词汇] exceed v.超过，胜过；越出[经典例句] The output this month exceeded w
hat we anticipated.
全⽂翻译
战后⽇本的⽣产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫⽆⽬标很难说是战后⽇本的特⾊。但是，⽇本⼈正在经历传统⼯作道德价值观的⽇益衰退。10年前，⽇本⼈⼯作勤奋，将⼯作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在⽇本⼤体上已经满⾜了其经济需求，年轻⼈却不知道他们下⼀步的⽬标在哪⾥。
战后婴⼉出⽣⾼峰期的到来及妇⼥进⼊男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好⼯作，攀登⽇本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个⼈牺牲是否值得。在最近⼀次调查中发现与62.7％
的美国学⽣相⽐较，只有24.5％的⽇本学⽣对学校⽣活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的⼯⼈相⽐，对⾃⾝⼯作表⽰不满的⽇本⼯⼈多得多。
虽然⽇本的教育因强调基础知识⽽经常受到外国⼈的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，⽽不重视创造性和⾃我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能⼒、勇⽓或⼈性——完全被忽视，”执政的⾃民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰⼼丧⽓，致使孩⼦辍学、放荡不羁。
”去年⽇本发⽣了2125起校园暴⼒事件，其中包括929起袭击⽼师事件。在⼀⽚*声中，许多保守党领导⼈正在⼒图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育⼤⾂的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说⼆战后美国占领*引进的⾃由改⾰削弱了“⽇本⼈尊敬⽗母的道德观”。
但是，那也许与⽇本⼈的⽣活⽅式关系更⼤。“在⽇本，”教育家Yoko Muro说，“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢⾃⼰的⼯作和⽣活，⽽仅仅是你能承受多⼤的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在⽇本1亿1900万⼈当中，⾜有76％住在城市，在那⾥社区和⼏世同堂的⼤家庭已经成为过去，⽽取⽽代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市⾥的⽇本⼈长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令⼈不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，⽇本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了 50％，⽽⾃杀事件则上升了近1/4.点滴生活
鼻孔朝天
