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<0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案
I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (
15> Benjamin Franklin
T. S. Eliot James Cooper
Walt Whitman James Baldwell
Ernest Hemingway Joph Heller
John Steinbeck William Faulkner
Mark Twain WashingtonIrving
Ernest Hemingway Robert Frost
Toni Morrison Ralph Ellison
Eugene O’Neill John Steinbeck
Allan Poe F . Scott Fitzgerald
Tenne Williams WashingtonIrving
Robert Frost Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville Eugene O ’Neill
Mark Twain William Faulkner
Robert Frost Arthur Miller
James Cooper H. D. Thoreau
Henry James
Whitman
Jack London Jack London O ’Neill II. Define the following literary terms. (20>
Beat generation:The The term
term term was was was coined coined coined by by by Jack Jack Jack Kerouac Kerouac Kerouac in in in 1948 1948 1948 to to to refer refer refer to to to a a a group group group of of disillusioned disillusioned writers writers writers following following following World World War Two. Later, this this literary literary literary and and and cultural cultural cultural movement movement
continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confud with the Lost Generation of writers. writers. Spokesmen Spokesmen Spokesmen and and and reprentatives reprentatives reprentatives of of of the the the Beat Beat Generation Generation were were were Jack Jack Jack Kerouac, Kerouac, Kerouac, Allen Allen Ginsberg Ginsberg and and and others. others. others. They They They revolted revolted revolted against against against an an an America America America that that that was was was materialistic, materialistic, materialistic, belligerent belligerent belligerent and and
frustrating. Social, intellectual and xual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing l
ong hair and dirty dirty clothes. clothes. clothes. They They They were were were fond fond fond of of of slangs and slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created created by by by writers writers writers of of this this group group
include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems
, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Ferlinghetti, Gregory Gregory Gregory Corso, Corso, Corso, Michael Michael Michael McClure, McClure, McClure, and and and Neal Neal Neal Cassady. Cassady. Cassady. The The The Beat Beat Beat Generation, Generation, Generation, had had
greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other other countries. countries. countries. In In In England, England, England, the the the “angry “angry “angry young young young men” men” men” made made made an an an echo echo echo and and and imitated imitated imitated the the the American American
“beatnik.”
Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story 。 the central character who rves as a focus for the work’s t hemes and incidents and as the principal rationale for its development 。 and one who who is is is oppod oppod oppod to to to the the the antagonist. antagonist. antagonist. In In In the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of ancient ancient ancient Greek Greek Greek drama, drama, drama, there there there were were were only only only a a
chorus and one actor —the leader of the chorus. Thespis invented the first actor. Then Aeschylus and Sophocles added the cond and third actors to the tragedy respectively. The three actors were names Protagonist, Deuteragonist and Tritagonist. In discussions of modern literature, the
protagonist is sometimes referred to as the hero or anti-hero.
Biography: an account of a person’s life written by somebody el, or biographical writing as a form of literature.
Novel: Generally speaking, it is an imaginative pro narrative of extended length dealing with fictional characters and events. The constituent elements of a novel include plot, characte
r, conflict, and and tting. tting. tting. But But But there there there can be can be exceptions. Some novels novels are are are short. Some short. Some novels novels are not are not
fictional. Some novels are in ver. And some novels do not even tell a story. There have been many debates over the appropriate length of a novel. No established length for a novel has been agreed upon. It is generally held, however, that a full-length novel is longer than a novella or short novel, and a short novel is longer than a shot story. A novel should be long enough so as to appear in print in an independent volume. The great length of a novel makes it possible for the characters and themes in it to be developed more fully and subtly.
Antihero: a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of a traditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote,
Macbeth, Macbeth, Rip Rip Rip V an V an Winkle, Winkle, Winkle, and and and Tristram Trist
ram Tristram Shandy. Shandy. Shandy. Examples Examples Examples of of of antiheroes antiheroes antiheroes in in in modern modern modern literature literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Yassarian.
Free ver: a a form
form form of of of poetry poetry poetry without without without rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, meter, meter, meter, regular regular regular line line line length, length, length, and and and regular regular regular stanzaic stanzaic structure. structure. It It It depends depends depends on on on nat nat natural ural ural speech speech speech for for for rhythm. rhythm. rhythm. Robert Robert Robert Frost Frost Frost compared compared compared it it it to to to “playing “playing “playing tennis tennis
with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank ver, free ver does no mean “formlessness.” T. S. Eliot once said that “no ver is free for the
man who wants to do a good job.” Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest 坐月子可以洗澡吗
contribution to the development and popularity of free ver. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplicity.”
Drama: a form of literature written for actors to perform. A drama is divided into acts. An act can be subdivided into scenes. The constituent elements of a drama include dialogue, plot, characters, tting, stage direction, and others. A drama can be as long as three parts called trilogy, or as short as one act only. Greek drama originated in religious ceremonial in honor of Dionysus. Medieval drama drama developed developed developed out out out of of of rites rites rites celebrating celebrating celebrating the the the life life life events events events of of of Jesus Jesus Jesus Christ. Christ. Christ. Dramatists Dramatists Dramatists of of of great great
importance in literary history include Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ibn, and Shaw. In America, the firs important important dramatist dramatist dramatist was was was Eugene O’Neill Eugene O’Neill who who wrote wrote wrote the the the first first first rious rious rious plays. plays. plays. Before Before Before O’Neill, O’Neill, America had theatre. Starting from O’Neill, it began to have drama.
建构区中班教案Jazz age: Jazz
is a a form form form of of dance dance music music music that that that is is derived derived from from from early early early Afro-American Afro-American Afro-American folk folk folk music, music, ragtime, ragtime, and and and Negro Negro Negro blues. blues. blues. It It It is is is marked marked marked with with with exciting exciting exciting rhythm, rhythm, rhythm, pronounced pronounced pronounced syncopation, syncopation, syncopation, and and constant improvisation. The musical instruments ud are mainly drums, trumpets, and
saxophones. Major compors of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent
in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s
洛阳限行Tales of the Jazz Age , like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age , was an epoch-making work.
,
was an epoch-making work. Autobiography: a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first ud by Southey. But the first important
autobiography was C onfessions Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples inc lude Franklin’s
Autobiography , , Adams’s Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams , , John John John Stuart Stuart Stuart Mill’s Mill’s Autobiography , Carlyle’s Reminiscences , Henry David Thoreau’s Walden , and so on. Sometimes, an autobiography autobiography can can can be be be fictionalized. fictionalized. fictionalized. An An An example example example of of of this this this kind kind kind is is is Rousau’s Rousau’s Confessions . . Some Some
novels and long poems are ud for autobiography. Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artistas a Young Man ,
Whitman’s “Song of Mylf” and Wordsworth’s The Prelude
fall in this category. Dickens’s David Copperfield , Lawrence’s S ons Sons and Lovers and and O ’Neill’s O’Neill’s LongDay’LongDay’s s Journey intoNight
搞笑组名 have strong autobiographical elements in them.
Blank ver:
poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely ud English ver form. Blank Blank ver ver ver is is is popular popular popular becau becau becau it it it is is is clost clost clost to to to the the the rhythm rhythm rhythm of of of daily daily daily English English English speech. speech. speech. Thus Thus Thus most most English English poems poems poems which which which are are are dramatic, dramatic, dramatic, reflective reflective reflective or or or narrative narrative narrative are are are in in in the the the form form form of of of blank blank blank ver. ver. ver. This This ver ver was was was probably probably probably first first first ud ud ud in in in England England England by by by Surrey Surrey Surrey who who who translated translated Aeneid , , by by by Sackville Sackville Sackville and and
Norton who compod
Gorboduc . It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th
century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank ver. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank ver included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank ver is still still practiced practiced practiced by by by writers writers writers like like like T.S. T.S. T.S. Eliot, Eliot, Eliot, Yeats, Yeats, Yeats, Frost Frost Frost and and and Stevens Stevens Stevens shows shows shows how how how influential influential influential and and favorable it really is.
Black humor: a term frequently ud in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’ or ‘tragic farce.’ It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Trial”, Joph Joph Heller’s Heller’s Heller’s novel novel Catch-22 and and Albee’s Albee’s The Zoo Story. Other Other writers writers writers who who who did did did much much
contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on.
Head rhyme:
最美教师心得体会
the u in ver or pro of veral words clo together which all begin with the same letter. It is done for special musical effect comparable to the effects of end rhyme. In most cas, alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds. Examples are Pope’s “For
fools fools rush rush rush in in in where where where angels angels angels fear fear fear to to to tread,” tread,” tread,” Poe’s Poe’s Poe’s “The “The “The weary, weary, weary, wayworn wayworn wayworn wanderer wanderer wanderer bore,” bore,” bore,” and and
Coleridge’s “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion.” Alliteration of initial vowels is quite limited in number. An example of vowel alliteration is “It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do.”
它的组词Surpri Ending:
Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of of events events events at at at the the the conclusion conclusion conclusion of of of a a a story story
story or or or play. play. play. An An An example example example is is is “The “The “The Necklace” Necklace” Necklace” by by by Guy Guy Guy de de Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”
III. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15>
1. Who is the father of American literature? (Consult your book>
2. Who is the father of American poetry? (Consult your book>
3. What is Poe’s theory concerning poetry? (Consult your book>
4. What is Poe’s theory concerning the short story? (Consult your book>
5. What are the major characteristics of Twain’s writing style? (Consult your book>
6. What are the major characteristics of Irving’s writing style? (Consult your book>
采蘑菇游戏7. What is “black humor? (Consult your book>
8. What is the Harlem Renaissance? (Consult your book>
9. What is the New England Renaissance? (Consult your book>
10. What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature? (See your book>
11. What is the Lost Generation? (Consult your book>
12. What are Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American culture? (See your book>
13. Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary? (See your book>
14. What is the Jazz Age? (Consult your book>
15. What is American transcendentalism? (Consult your book>
16. What is imagism? (Consult your book>
17. What is O. Henry Ending? (Consult your book>
18. What is free ver? (Consult your book>
IV . Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it. (20>
六十四卦卦象
Fog
