Chapter 7 Sen Relations Between Words
■ 7」Synonymy同义关系
■ 7.2 Antonymy反义关系
■ 7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系
■ 7.4 Semantic Field 语义场
7.1 Synonymy土鳝鱼
Synonyms: words differing in sound fonn but identical or similar in meaning.
* Synonymy: a relationship of 'sameness of meaning5 that may hold between two words. Synonym: a word that means the same as anothe匚
*Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same esntial meaning.
• Kinds of synonyms
There are two kinds of synonyms
1) Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.
*They're rare.
Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings . Eg. spirants fricative (phonetics ) caecitis -typhlitis (medicine ) vvord-formation - word-building (lexicology )
2) Relative synonyms : also called quasi-synonyms.
Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:
a) In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;
Eg. small .tiny .diminutive .minute .microscopic .infinitesimal -一they denote different degrees of smallness
anger .rage 9fuiy .indignation .wrath -they denote the emotional excitement induced by inten displeasure .
b) 剪纸人物In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning;
i. affective meaning(emotive meaning )
Eg. little -small
秦国变法
little -emotion is associate with the designation
small -has no affective meaning
thrifty /frugal -niggardly /mirly black -nigger
ii. stylistic meaning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic l
ayers :neutral (common ),colloquial,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect・ Eg. chide (literary )
berate (neutral ) scold (neutral) blame (neutral) carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE) tell ^(colloquial) bawl out (AmE.,slang )
c) In collocation and distribution:
Eg. pretty -girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottage
handsome -boy /masterpiece /car /table /overcoat /airliner /hou
d) Some ts of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language
• 打边鼓Synonymous patterns
a) The double scale pattern
Eg・
Native | Latin |
friendship | amity |
help | aid |
| 抒情的作文 inner | conceal |
same | identical |
| |
b) The triple scale pattern
Eg・
Native | French | Latin |
ask | question | interrogate |
fire | flame | conflagration |
fear | terror | trepidation |
goodness | virtue | probity |
holy | sacred | concrated |
| | |
• The choice and appropriate u of synonyms
1) Difference in denotation
Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning・ Some words have a wider range of meaning than others.
comprehend / understand
extend / increa / expand
lau^h: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/sniper, titter
2) Difference in connotation.
By connotation, we mean the stylistic and emotive coloring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic (emotional) appropriateness.
unlike / dissimilar homely / domestic
Look at that lovely little boy.
Look at that 电脑蓝屏修理small boy.
Look at that 职工工伤与职业病致残程度鉴定标准tiny boy.
3) Difference in application.
Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple
4) Difference in application
Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into different ntence patterns (distribution: pre- or post- modifier).
empty (box, street, room), vacant (at, chair, apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of paper) f, with, rebuke・.・for, with/for
水synonyms also includes three other aspects:
(1) synonyms of different word-class (jealous -jealousy)
(2) words synonymous with phras (to tolerate -to put up with )
(3) different ntence patterns expressing roughly the same idea
eg. He was the sole provider of the family •
He alone had to support the family .
He was the only person to provide for the family .
7-2 Antonymy反义关系
Antonyms: words which are opposite in meaning.(opDOsiteness of meaning )
• Types of antonyms
A. antonyms classified on the basis of mantic contrast
a) Contraries相对反义词
Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable.
-hot, warm, cool, cold
-beautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, ugly
- old-young, open-clo, big-small, poor-rich
