有5g手机吗.4 Stylistic Features of Public Speech
8. 4. 1 Grammatical Features
8.4.1 . 1 Variation in ntence length
We know that casual speech tends to u short ntences. But a glance at Churchill's speech reveals that its ntences vary much in length.
In the sample text, there are in all 20 ntences, the longest of which has 74 words and the shortest 4 words. Such sharp variation in length reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active respon from the audience. The average length is 24 words per ntence, which is much longer than that (8 words per ntence) of casual conversation. Sentences in public speaking, are mostly of the S P (O) (C) (A) structure (which is similar to conversation), with occasional A S P O C (A) form. Though there can be veral claus in a longer ntence, they mainly come after the main clau, which prents no great difficulty for the audience to comprehend. There are no ntences t
hat are incomplete or elliptical. The characteristics show the double traits of public speaking: it is formal as is required of written language, and it is yet not difficult to understand at the time of its delivery as is required of the spoken mode.
8.4. 1 .2 Various ntence types
As public speeches are intended to inform, to persuade, and to appeal, most ntences are statements; occasional questions are ud. At the welcoming banquet held in honor of President Nixon on Feb 21, 1972, when he made his historic visit to China , Nixon said in his speech:什么无什么有
What legacy shall we leave our children? Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or are they destined to live becau we had the vision to build a new world?
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Such questions are ud to give the audience food for thought and to impress them, which do not usually expect an answer on the part of the audience, though feedback by w
ay of applau or laughter etc is welcomed. Commands can be many, often introduced by let, as is shown in Martin Luther King Jr's 'I Have a Dream' speech August 28, 1963:
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.
Vocatives of a general type such as 'my fellow citizens', 'my friends', are ud to add a touch of intimacy to the addresr-addre relationship.
8.4.1 .3 More complex-looking group structures
Nominal groups in this variety can sometimes be complex-looking, but more with post-modification than with pre-modification. This is necessary for more and accurate information, and at the same time is not likely to po much difficulty on the audience's receiving process. Since the referent has already been stated, it is simple for a hearer wit
h no text before him/her to attach modifiers to it. 'Of phra' is often ud as post-modification, and so is the relative clau and some other structures. This is in keeping with the formal nature of public speech. It adds to the solemnity of the oration. For instance, in the sample text, we have:
the powers conferred upon him by the Resolution of the Hou
an administration of this scale and complexity
the preliminary stage of one of the greatest battles in history
any of my friends and colleagues, or former colleagues, who are affected by the political reconstruction
any lack of ceremony with which it has been necessary to act
王小飞and many others. The relative pronoun is not suppod to be omitted as in casual conversation, owing to the formal nature of oration:
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阅读感受a candor and a decision which the prent situation of our nation impels
What is noteworthy in terms of verbal groups is the total lack of contractions in the most persuasive speeches, which is, as formerly pointed out, a striking marker that distinguishes formal from informal varieties of English (e 5.6.2 ). Passive structure goes hand in hand with active structure such as should be summoned, will be propod, will be notified, must be remembered, have to be prepared' may be pardoned, will not be suffered to fail in the sample text. This adds to the complexity of the verbal phra and formal flavor to the speech.
8.4.2 Lexical Features
8.4.2 .1 Using accurate and dear words
Compared with daily conversation, public speech is careful about its choice of words. It tends to u words accurate and clear in meaning. The sample text shows that public speech has much u of abstract words or even big words which is made necessary by t
he 'content' of the speech--abstraction is needed in talking about concepts, qualities or attributes and is in keeping with the solemnity of a speech. Hence we find proceedings, adjournment, provision, resolution, administration, scale, complexity, approval, confidence, undertaking, allowance, tyranny, terror , etc. The words, however, account for but lo% of the total words ud, the rest are all common everyday words. Actually in order to be accurate and dear in meaning, successful speakers tend to choo concrete, 'familiar words over abstract, unfamiliar ones. Even when abstract or unfamiliar words, such as technical terms, are unavoidable, the speaker is suppod to keep them to a minimum and clearly define tho that his/her audience may not understand. There are generally no words vague in meaning. 宝贝用英语怎么说
