托福模拟考试及答案解析（14）
(1/53)阅读理解
第1题
The Formation of Civilization
The criteria for a body of people to be considered a civilization includes the construction of permanent ttlements, the u of agriculture for food, the emergence of a leadership class, the worship of one or more deities, and the development of art and writing. For most of human history, the features were beyond the reach of the roving bands of hunter-gatherers who primary concern was obtaining food. Some tribes may have ttled in areas to hunt, fish, or gather fruits or nuts for short periods, but their shelters were not permanent, and they inevitably moved on when their food supplies became exhausted.
This changed once humans discovered how to farm. Agriculture developed at different times around the world, but sometime around 8000 B.C., people in the Middle East learned
how to sow wild grains to produce crops. Since raising crops takes time, the individuals built permanent shelters and stood guard over their plants to protect them from other people and wild animals. This required a degree of organization and specialization, so people began doing various tasks. Some worked the land, others protected the ttlements, and others raid animals or made crafts such as pottery and woven baskets. Hunter-gatherer groups had always had leaders; therefore, it was natural for them to emerge in the permanent ttlements. Becau agriculture depended upon good weather and timely rain or floodwaters, people started worshipping deities and praying for sunshine and rain.
Over time, the practice of agriculture led to population explosions and the founding of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus Valley. The leaders became kings, the protectors became soldiers, the shamans who prayed to deities became priests in organized religions, and the majority of people became peasants who farmed the land and worked on massive construction projects in honor of their kings and gods. Craftsmen also began creating beautiful works of art, and, in some places, writing was de
veloped to record history and to communicate with others. In the places, civilization was born.
*hunter-gatherer: a human that has no permanent home but wanders the land while hunting, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, grains, and vegetables
牙疼穴位*shaman: a person that acts as an intermediary between the real world and the spirit world学习excel基本操作
An introductory ntence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by lecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some ntences do not belong becau they express ideas that are not prented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers learned to farm the land and then developed civilizations bad around the permanent ttlements they established.
ANSWER CHOICES
匆忙地英语
①There are still some groups of people in the world who can be said not to have established civilizations yet.间质性肺病能治好吗
②Once people started ttling down in one place, individuals began taking on roles such as tho of king, soldier, shaman, and peasant.
③Some of the first civilizations were established in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley.
合资经营
④Having organized religions, creating art, and developing writing systems are three of the characteristics of human civilizations.秋天的手抄报
⑤It was necessary for people to learn how to rai crops by farming the land for them to start establishing civilizations.
⑥Most of the people in the earliest civilizations were peasants who had to farm the land and rve their masters.
下一题
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第2题
The Expanding Univer Theory
The Big Bang Theory, which posits that the univer began from a single point of incredibly den matter, is the most widely accepted theory regarding the creation of the univer. According to it, roughly fourteen billion years ago, this matter exploded and expanded to form the prent-day univer. This theory is bad upon obrvations of the univer suggesting that it is not static but is instead continually expanding outward.
For centuries, astronomers believed that the univer was fixed and that Earth was located at its center. By the early twentieth century, the notion that Earth was at the center of the univer had been dispelled, but the static univer theory was still the prevailing model. Even Albert Einstein was a great believer in it. Then, in 1917, he had a revelation. His general theory of relativity did not precily agree with the static univer
垂线怎么画model, yet he could not reconcile his strong belief in a static univer with his theories, so he concluded that some unknown force was preventing the univer from expanding. Simultaneously, other astronomers were discovering that Earth and the sun belonged to a large collection of stars they called a galaxy. In 1925, American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved other galaxies existed in addition to Earth's galaxy, which had been dubbed the Milky Way.
